Common Ingredients
Quality Ingredients
Premier Pharmacy purchases all active pharmaceutical ingredients directly from Verified-Accredited Wholesale Distributors (VAWD), the highest seal of approval for FDA-approved medication sourcing. VAWD accreditation plays a pivotal role in preventing counterfeit drugs from entering the US drug supply: it helps protect the public from drugs that have been contaminated, diverted, or counterfeited.
Acetylcysteine
Acetylcysteine is in a class of medications called mucolytic agents. It works by thinning the mucus in the air passages to make it easier to clear the airways.
Research
Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine on wound healing of nasal mucosa
B Yilmaz, G Türkçü, E Sengül, A Gül… - Journal of …, 2015 - journals.lww.com
… Depending on these findings, we consider that NAC reduces the inflammatory response against the mechanic trauma in the nasal mucosa and this effect may play a crucial role in the …
N‐acetylcysteine inhibits Na+ absorption across human nasal epithelial cells
T Rochat, JS Lacroix, L Jornot - Journal of cellular physiology, 2004 - Wiley Online Library
… N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a widely used mucolytic drug in patients … NAC affects the bioelectric properties of human nasal epithelial cells. A 24-h basolateral treatment with 10 mM of NAC …
Reduction of oxidative DNA fragmentation by ascorbic acid, zinc and N-acetylcysteine in nasal mucosa tissue cultures
P Baumeister, T Huebner, M Reiter… - Anticancer …, 2009 - ar.iiarjournals.org
… zinc and N-acetylcysteine are widely … nasal mucosa, three-dimensional tissue cubes coated with ciliated epithelium, for repeated incubation with ascorbic acid, zinc and N-acetylcysteine …
Effect of N-acetylcysteine on the Nasal Mucociliary Clearance in Chronic Sinusitis.
G Stafanger, H Bisgaard, M Pedersen… - European journal of …, 1987 - europepmc.org
… N – acetylcysteine mucolytic agent in combination of antibiotic is helpful for the treatment of chronic sinusitis, which not only helps in removal of stagnated mucus by improving nasal mucociliary clearance but also help the antibiotic to be more effective.
Acyclovir
Acyclovir decreases the severity and length of shingle outbreaks. It helps the sores heal faster, keeps new sores from forming, and decreases pain/itching. This medication may also help reduce how long pain remains after the sores heal.
Research
A trial of topical acyclovir in genital herpes simplex virus infections
L Corey, AJ Nahmias, ME Guinan… - … England Journal of …, 1982 - Mass Medical Soc
… Acyclovir-treated patients with recurrent herpes … , acyclovir reduced the time to crusting of lesions in men but had no effect on the symptoms or healing times in women. Topical acyclovir …
RJ Whitley, M Levin, N Barton… - Journal of Infectious …, 1984 - academic.oup.com
… This study demonstrates that topical acyclovir therapy accelerates three healing parameters of HSV infections in the immunocompromised host: loss of virus from lesions, resolution of …
Successful treatment of herpes labialis with topical acyclovir.
AP Fiddian, JM Yeo, R Stubbings, D Dean - Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1983 - bmj.com
… topical preparation for the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex virus infections. Oral acyclovir … of recurrent genital herpes,4 and topical acyclovir in an ointment base (polyethylene glycol…
Amitriptyline
Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant that is widely used to treat chronic neuropathic pain (pain due to nerve damage). It has been recommended as a first-line treatment in many guidelines. Neuropathic pain can be treated with antidepressant drugs in doses below those at which the drugs act as antidepressants.
Research
Topical amitriptyline and ketamine in neuropathic pain syndromes: an open-label study
ME Lynch, AJ Clark, J Sawynok, MJ Sullivan - The Journal of Pain, 2005 - Elsevier
Twenty eight subjects with refractory, moderate to severe peripheral neuropathic pain participated in an open label prospective trial examining perceived analgesic effect, patient satisfaction, and safety of topical amitriptyline 2%/ketamine 1% cream. Outcome measures …
Topical amitriptyline and ketamine for the treatment of neuropathic pain
S Mercadante - Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 2015 - Taylor & Francis
A neuropathy is a disturbance of function or pathological change in nerves. In some cases, peripheral neuropathic pain may occur due to a lesion or disease of the peripheral somatosensory nervous system. Efficacy of different agents for peripheral neuropathic pain …
A pilot study examining topical amitriptyline, ketamine, and a combination of both in the treatment of neuropathic pain
ME Lynch, AJ Clark, J Sawynok - The Clinical journal of pain, 2003 - journals.lww.com
Objective The involvement of ongoing peripheral activity in the generation of nociceptive input in neuropathic pain suggests that topical drug delivery may be useful as a treatment strategy. This is a pilot study providing initial information regarding the use of novel topical …
Topical amitriptyline and ketamine for post-herpetic neuralgia and other forms of neuropathic pain
J Sawynok, C Zinger - Expert opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2016 - Taylor & Francis
Introduction: Neuropathic pain (NP) has several therapeutic options but efficacy is limited and adverse effects occur, such that additional treatment options are needed. A topical formulation containing amitriptyline 4% and ketamine 2%(AmiKet) may provide such an …
Central neuropathic pain in a patient with multiple sclerosis treated successfully with topical amitriptyline
DJ Kopsky, R Liebregts… - Case reports in …, 2012 - hindawi.com
Central neuropathic pain in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common debilitating symptom, which is mostly treated with tricyclic antidepressants or antiepileptics. Unfortunately, the use of these drugs is often limited due to adverse events. We investigated …
Topical amitriptyline, ketamine, and lidocaine in neuropathic pain caused by radiation skin reaction: a pilot study
I Uzaraga, B Gerbis, E Holwerda, D Gillis… - Supportive Care in Cancer, 2012 - Springer
Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of topical amitriptyline, ketamine, and lidocaine (AKL) on alleviation of neuropathic pain from radiation dermatitis and the feasibility of a randomized trial. Materials and methods Eligible subjects had radiation …
Topical treatments for localized neuropathic pain
R Casale, Z Symeonidou, M Bartolo - Current pain and headache reports, 2017 - Springer
… Purpose of Review Topical therapeutic approaches in localized neuropathic pain (LNP) … effect on pain reduction. In this narrative review, we describe the available compounds for … topical amitriptyline, ketamine, and a combination of both in the treatment of neuropathic …
Anastrozole
Anastrozole is an aromatase inhibitor that has been shown to improve testosterone levels in adult men. Aromatase inhibitors block the conversion of testosterone into estrogen and are sometimes used to lower estrogen levels in men who receive testosterone treatment.
Research
Effects of aromatase inhibition in elderly men with low or borderline-low serum testosterone levels
BZ Leder, JL Rohrer, SD Rubin, J Gallo… - The Journal of …, 2004 - academic.oup.com
As men age, serum testosterone levels decrease, a factor that may contribute to some aspects of age-related physiological deterioration. Although androgen replacement has been shown to have beneficial effects in frankly hypogonadal men, its use in elderly men...
Outcomes of anastrozole in oligozoospermic hypoandrogenic subfertile men
O Shoshany, N Abhyankar, N Mufarreh, G Daniel… - Fertility and sterility, 2017 - Elsevier
Objective To determine whether the change in sperm parameters in subfertile hypoandrogenic men treated with anastrozole is correlated to the magnitude of increase in testosterone (T) to estrogen ratio in men responding to treatment...
Combination therapy with clomiphene citrate and anastrozole is a safe and effective alternative for hypoandrogenic subfertile men
NJ Alder, S Keihani, GJ Stoddard, JB Myers… - BJU …, 2018 - Wiley Online Library
… Oligozoospermic men with hypoandrogenism and a low testosterone:oestradiol ratio had significantly improved endocrine and semen variables after treatment with AZ 12. While both …
Effects of aromatase inhibition on bone mineral density and bone turnover in older men with low testosterone levels
SAM Burnett-Bowie, EA McKay, H Lee… - The Journal of Clinical …, 2009 - academic.oup.com
… In a prior 3-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 37 elderly men with low testosterone levels treated with anastrozole, we demonstrated similar increases in mean …
Arginine
L-arginine, an amino acid, is the precursor to nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator that causes blood vessels to dilate. L-arginine has been shown to dilate clitoral blood vessels, increasing flow to erogenous zones and helping to improve arousal
Research
The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway
S Moncada, A Higgs - New England journal of medicine, 1993 - Mass Medical Soc
… stimulates the constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The nitric oxide (NO) formed from L-arginine (L… release nitric oxide, spontaneously or through an enzymatic reaction. The liberated …
L-arginine infusion promotes nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation, increases regional cerebral blood flow, and reduces infarction volume in the rat.
E Morikawa, MA Moskowitz, Z Huang, T Yoshida… - Stroke, 1994 - Am Heart Assoc
… L-Arginine (&30 mg/kg IV) increased blood flow distal to MCA occlusion by 50%. These … Changes in mean arterial blood pressure were not observed. L-Arginine (300 mg/kg IV) reduced …
Skin blood flow in patients with systemic sclerosis and Raynaud's phenomenon: effects of oral L-arginine supplementation.
F Khan, JJ Belch - The Journal of rheumatology, 1999 - europepmc.org
… OBJECTIVE: To measure skin blood flow responses to the iontophoresis of acetylcholine … of oral L-arginine supplementation versus placebo in patients. METHODS: Skin blood flow was …
Azelaic Acid
Azelaic acid is in a class of medications called dicarboxylic acids. It works to treat rosacea by decreasing the swelling and redness of the skin. It works to treat acne by killing the bacteria that infect pores and by decreasing the production of keratin, a natural substance that can lead to the development of acne.
Research
Azelaic acid in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
RH Liu, MK Smith, SA Basta… - Archives of …, 2006 - jamanetwork.com
… topical 20% azelaic acid cream and 15% azelaic acid gel compared with their respective vehicles in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea… This systematic review sought to evaluate the clinical efficacy of topical 20% azelaic acid cream and 15% azelaic acid gel compared with …
Topical azelaic acid in the treatment of rosacea
AJ Carmichael, R Marks, KA Graupe… - Journal of …, 1993 - Taylor & Francis
Azelaic acid is now an established therapeutic agent for acne vulgaris, where its antibacterial and comedolytic activity is responsible in the main for its beneficial effects. In this report we describe the results of a single-centre double-blind controlled contralateral …
A comparison of topical azelaic acid 20% cream and topical metronidazole 0.75% cream in the treatment of patients with papulopustular rosacea
S Maddin - Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1999 - Elsevier
Background: Although it is important for physicians to have sufficient clinical data on which to base treatment decisions, little comparative data exist regarding newer treatment modalities for rosacea. Objective: The goal of the study was to compare the efficacy and …
Azelastine
Azelastine is an antihistamine. It works by preventing the effects of a substance called histamine, which is produced by the body. Histamine can cause itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes.
Research
Azelastine nasal spray for the treatment of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis
F Horak, UP Zieglmayer - Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2009 - Taylor & Francis
… treat allergic rhinitis, azelastine nasal spray exhibits superior … azelastine and FP nasal sprays reduce symptoms in allergic rhinitis patients more than either agent alone. Azelastine nasal …
Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in patients with an unsatisfactory response to loratadine
WE Berger, MV White, Rhinitis Study Group - Annals of Allergy, Asthma & …, 2003 - Elsevier
… treatment with azelastine nasal spray 2 sprays per nostril, twice daily, azelastine nasal spray 2 … daily plus placebo (saline) nasal spray, or placebo (saline) nasal spray/placebo capsules. …
Review of azelastine nasal spray in the treatment of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis
C Lee, J Corren - Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2007 - Taylor & Francis
… either azelastine nasal spray monotherapy, azelastine nasal … that both the azelastine monotherapy and the azelastine plus … either azelastine nasal spray monotherapy, azelastine nasal …
Azelastine nasal spray: a review of pharmacology and clinical efficacy in allergic and nonallergic rhinitis
PL Lieberman, RA Settipane - Allergy and asthma …, 2003 - static.vademecum.es
… In US clinical trials, azelastine nasal spray was … .s', azelastine nasal spray was effective in treating the total vasomotor rhinitis s_vmpt0n1 complex including individual syniptams of nasal …
Baclofen
Baclofen is in a class of medications called skeletal muscle relaxants. Baclofen acts on the spinal cord nerves and decreases the number and severity of muscle spasms caused by multiple sclerosis or spinal cord conditions. It also relieves pain and improves muscle movement.
Research
Effect of topical baclofen 5% on post-hemorrhoidectomy pain: randomized double blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
S Ala, M Alvandipour, M Saeedi, M Mansourifar… - Journal of …, 2020 - Springer
Background Baclofen is an agonist for a subtype of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA-B) receptors and traditionally been used for the systemic treatment of spasticity. Topical application of baclofen has been shown to reduce pain in patients with localized …
Vulvodynia and proctodynia treated with topical baclofen 5% and palmitoylethanolamide
JMK Hesselink, DJ Kopsky, NL Sajben - Archives of gynecology and …, 2014 - Springer
… We present a case where intractable vaginal and anal pain was treated successfully with a combination of topical baclofen cream per vaginam and the neutraceutical palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) per os. The latter is an endogenous analgesic and anti-inflammatory compound, …
Topical treatments for localized neuropathic pain
R Casale, Z Symeonidou, M Bartolo - Current pain and headache reports, 2017 - Springer
… Purpose of Review Topical therapeutic approaches in localized neuropathic pain (LNP) syndromes are increasingly used by both specialists and … In both studies, topical baclofen application was shown to be effective in pain relief. Studies with a higher level of evidence are not …
Management of chronic neuropathic pain with single and compounded topical analgesics
NN Knezevic, T Tverdohleb, F Nikibin… - Pain …, 2017 - Future Medicine
… Even though the US FDA approved topical analgesics are 8%-capsaicin and 5%-lidocaine patches for treating postherpetic neuralgia, … efficacy of topical ketamine cream, clonidine gel, topical gabapentin, topical baclofen and topical phenytoin for peripheral neuropathic pain, …
Topical amitriptyline-baclofen cream for the treatment of provoked vestibulodynia
P Nyirjesy, A Lev-Sagie, L Mathew… - Journal of Lower …, 2009 - journals.lww.com
… A topical cream containing amitriptyline 2% and baclofen 2% has recently been proposed as a therapy for vulvodynia … baclofen is used for neuropathic pain originating from cancer. If PV is primarily a disorder caused by peripheral nociceptors, topical amitriptyline and baclofen …
Beta Glucan
Beta-glucans are soluble fibers that come from the cell walls of mushrooms, plants, algae, yeasts, and oats. Because beta-glucans have antioxidant properties and are anti-inflammatory, they are excellent ingredients for improving the look of redness and other signs of sensitive skin.
Research
Skin health promotion effects of natural beta‐glucan derived from cereals and microorganisms: a review
B Du, Z Bian, B Xu - Phytotherapy Research, 2014 - Wiley Online Library
… The skin health promotion potential of β-glucan used in cosmeceuticals has received little attention. In this sense, this review presents an overall profile of the skin health promotion effects of β-glucan, including anti-wrinkle, wound healing, antioxidant activity, anti-ultraviolet (UV) …
Anticancer properties of low molecular weight oat beta-glucan–An in vitro study
A Choromanska, J Kulbacka, N Rembialkowska… - International journal of …, 2015 - Elsevier
… have been widely recognized, but those polysaccharides are mostly insoluble which creates several problems especially in topical formulation. Also high … investigated the effect of β-glucan from oat on the human skin melanoma HTB-140 cells in vitro. In this study the oat β-…
β-Glucan-based cream (containing pleuran isolated from pleurotus ostreatus) in supportive treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis
M Jesenak, S Urbancek, J Majtan… - Journal of …, 2016 - Taylor & Francis
… of various skin diseases (6,7). In clinical medicine, topical application of β-glucans was successfully studied in the treatment of different skin … The novel coladerm-beta glucan membrane exhibited potential antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-…
Anti-aging skin care ingredient technologies
J Graf - Cosmetic dermatology, 2005 - Springer
… Topical beta-glucans can accelerate wound healing and increase resistance to infection by enhancing macrophage-mediated … Betaglucans are extremely soothing and calming to the skin through their reinforcement of skin macrophages, which have implications in minimizing …
The magical ingredients: anti-ageing
A Vorster - South African Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Review, 2013 - journals.co.za
… Beta-glucans are considered as a valuable asset in the battle to combat wrinkles. Oat … The study supports the use of oat betaglucan in the care and maintenance of healthy skin and the development of antiaging wrinkle reduction skincare product. The apparent increased bio- …
Beta Glucan: a 21st Century Miracle?
C Hertzog - 2013 - books.google.com
… They believed that Beta Glucan’s healing and wrinkle, cellulite and other age-reducing attributes would not only enhance the effectiveness of … It contains a large number of macrophages, which can be enhanced and activated in just the same way by a topical Beta Glucan cream, …
Budesonide
Budesonide is used to treat certain growths in the nose (nasal polyps). It belongs to a class of drugs known as corticosteroids. Budesonide works by reducing swelling (inflammation) in the nasal passages. This can help decrease symptoms such as an itchy or runny nose, sneezing, or other symptoms caused by hay fever.
Research
Budesonide nasal irrigations in the postoperative management of chronic rhinosinusitis
DW Jang, VA Lachanas, J Segel… - International Forum of …, 2013 - Wiley Online Library
… nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF), and symptom scores were improved with commercially available budesonide nasal … with CRS who were treated with budesonide nasal spray. They, too, …
Safety analysis of long‐term budesonide nasal irrigations in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis post endoscopic sinus surgery
E Soudry, J Wang, R Vaezeafshar… - … Forum of Allergy & …, 2016 - Wiley Online Library
… both nasal steroid sprays and pulmonary steroid inhalers while using daily budesonide nasal … Rhinologists should be alerted to the potential risks of long-term use of budesonide nasal …
The effectiveness of budesonide nasal irrigation after endoscopic sinus surgery in chronic rhinosinusitis with asthma
TW Kang, JH Chung, SH Cho, SH Lee… - Clinical and …, 2017 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
… The off-label use of budesonide nasal irrigation was … to figure out if budesonide nasal irrigation could reduce the … , this study showed budesonide nasal irrigation in asthma patients was …
Topical therapy with high-volume budesonide nasal irrigations in difficult-to-treat chronic rhinosinusitis
EM Kosugi, GF Moussalem, JC Simões… - Brazilian Journal of …, 2016 - SciELO Brasil
SciELO - Brasil - Topical therapy with high-volume budesonide nasal irrigations in difficult-to-treat chronic rhinosinusitis Topical therapy with high-volume budesonide nasal irrigations …
Budesonide nasal irrigation improved Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score of chronic rhinosinusitis patients after endoscopic sinus surgery
Z Huang, X Chen, J Huang, Z Wang, X Li… - European archives of …, 2019 - Springer
… budesonide nasal irrigation for only 3 months after ESS, and this short-term use likely did not cause HPAA suppression. Nasal … the surgical state of the nasal and sinus cavity. During this …
Budesonide vs saline nasal irrigation in allergic rhinitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
N Periasamy, K Pujary… - … –Head and Neck …, 2020 - journals.sagepub.com
… This study also demonstrates that budesonide nasal irrigation is a viable and efficacious option in the management of patients with persistent severe allergic rhinitis without any reported …
Bupivacaine
Bupivacaine is in a class of medications called local anesthetics. Bupivacaine is a long-acting numbing agent that blocks the nerve impulses that send pain signals to your brain.
Research
The effects of dexamethasone, bupivacaine and topical lidocaine spray on pain after tonsillectomy
İ Kaygusuz, N Susaman - International journal of pediatric …, 2003 - Elsevier
Objective: To compare the administration of bupivacaine hydrochloride, dexamethasone and lidocaine hydrochloride in decreasing post-tonsillectomy pain. Methods: Eighty patients were enrolled in the study in ENT Clinic, Fırat University, and in ENT Clinic Elazığ SSK …
Can post-tonsillectomy pain be reduced by topical bupivacaine? Double blind controlled trial
NS Violaris, JR Tuffin - The Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 1989 - cambridge.org
A double blind controlled prospective trial investigated the analgesic effect of topical Bupivacaine in 15 adult patients undergoing bilateral tonsillectomy. Each patient had one tonsillar fossa exposed to Bupivacaine 0.5 per cent solution and the other to normal saline …
A prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial of the effect of topical bupivacaine on post-operative pain in bilateral nasal surgery with bilateral nasal packs …
MA Buchanan, GR Dunn… - The Journal of …, 2005 - cambridge.org
To ascertain whether local anaesthetic use is of clinical benefit in nasal surgery, a prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial of topical bupivacaine on post- operative pain in patients packed after bilateral nasal surgery was carried out. Each patient …
Control of immediate postoperative pain with topical bupivacaine hydrochloride for laparoscopic Falope ring tubal ligation.
P Kaplan, R Freund, J Squires, M Herz - Obstetrics and gynecology, 1990 - europepmc.org
Conflicting reports exist in the literature on the effectiveness of topical local anesthetic applied to the serosal surface of the fallopian tubes for the control of immediate postoperative pain after mechanical (band or clip) tubal ligation. Sixty-four patients were …
Topical bupivacaine compared to lidocaine with epinephrine for post-tonsillectomy pain relief in children: a randomized controlled study
ÖA Özmen, S Özmen - International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 2011 - Elsevier
Objective To compare the topical administration of bupivacaine hydrochloride, lidocaine hydrochloride with epinephrine and saline in alleviating post tonsillectomy pain. Study design A double-blind prospective randomized controlled clinical study. Methods Between …
Topical bupivacaine in paediatric day-case tonsillectomy: a prospective randomized controlled trial
T Hung, V Moore-Gillon, J Hern, A Hinton… - The Journal of …, 2002 - cambridge.org
… Our study uses swabs soaked with bupivacaine to pack the tonsillar fossae. We believe this to be a safe alternative to topical in ltration. We found that the pain score was significantly lower in the bupivacaine group compared to the control group during pediatric day-case …
Topical bupivacaine for pain control following simple dental extractions
SR Greengrass, J Andrzejowski, K Ruiz - British dental journal, 1998 - nature.com
Objective: This study was carried out to examine the effectiveness of topically applied bupivacaine 0.25% with adrenaline 1: 200,“000”, for post-operative analgesia in children undergoing dental extractions under general anesthesia. Design: Randomized double …
Post-tonsillectomy infiltration with bupivacaine reduces immediate postoperative pain in children
AK Wong, B Bissonnette, BM Braude… - Canadian journal of …, 1995 - Springer
… was effective in reducing postoperative pain. 9 The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of bupivacaine 0.5% with 1:200,000 epinephrine on postoperative pain in children when administered after tonsillectomy either by a topical spray or submucosal infiltration. …
The efficacy of topical bupivacaine and triamcinolone acetonide injection in the relief of pain after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric neoplasia: a …
B Kim, H Lee, H Chung, JC Park, SK Shin, SK Lee… - Surgical …, 2015 - Springer
Background Although pain is a common complication of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), management strategies are inadequate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of topical bupivacaine and triamcinolone acetonide for abdominal pain relief and as …
The use of intraoperative topical bupivacaine in the control of postoperative pain following laparoscopic cholecystectomy
M Fornari, C Miglietta, S Di Gioia, C Garrone… - Minerva …, 1996 - europepmc.org
Taking the starting point of a trial conducted on female patients who had undergone laparoscopic gynecologic operations, which shows a good control of the postoperative pain through intraperitoneal infusion of local anesthetic during the operation, the authors …
Ceramides
Ceramides are essential lipids naturally produced in the body and make up nearly 50% of the outermost layer of skin. Ceramides help in creating a lipid barrier that helps boost skin resilience and prevents the skin from losing moisture. When the skin lacks ceramides, it can lead to dryness and irritation, contributing to skin sensitivity.
Research
The role of ceramide composition in the lipid organization of the skin barrier
JA Bouwstra, FER Dubbelaar, GS Gooris… - … et Biophysica Acta (BBA …, 1999 - Elsevier
The lipid lamellae in the stratum corneum (SC) play a key role in the barrier function of the skin. The major lipids are ceramides (CER), cholesterol (CHOL) and free fatty acids (FFA). In …
Ceramide and cholesterol composition of the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis
A Di Nardo, P Wertz, A Giannetti, S Seidenari - 1998 - iris.unimore.it
… Atopic dermatitis skin tends to be easily irritated and … skin (10) and a decrease in the proportion of ceramide 1 together with an increased level of esterified C1851 fatty acids …
Improvement of skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis patients with a new moisturizer containing a ceramide precursor
E Simpson, A Böhling, S Bielfeldt, C Bosc… - Journal of …, 2013 - Taylor & Francis
… ceramide precursor, (22), pseudo-ceramide 5 or N-(2-hydroxyhexadecanoyl) sphinganin, has been shown in an in vitro skin model to increase endogenous ceramide … improved skin …
Coal Tar
Coal tar belongs to a class of drugs known as keratoplastics. It works by causing the skin to shed dead cells from its top layer and slow down the growth of skin cells. Coal tar has been shown to help slow the rapid growth of skin cells and restore the skin's smooth appearance. Additionally, it may help reduce inflammation, itching, and scaling.
Research
JHJ Roelofzen, KKH Aben… - Journal of …, 2007 - Taylor & Francis
… This study investigates whether psoriasis or eczema patients who received coal tar treatment have an increased risk of developing cancer compared with patients who did not receive …
Possible Mechanism of Crude Coal Tar Therapy in Infantile Eczema.
AE Hansen - Proceedings of the Society for Experimental …, 1933 - journals.sagepub.com
… The therapeutic value of ointments containing crude coal tar in infantile eczema has long been recognized. It is not infrequently noted in eczema cases showing extensive skin eruption …
Review of the mechanism of action of coal tar in psoriasis
S Sekhon, C Jeon, M Nakamura, L Afifi… - Journal of …, 2018 - Taylor & Francis
… for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. However, the mechanism by which coal tar has its … mechanism by which coal tar has its therapeutic effect in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. …
Use of topical coal tar foam for the treatment of psoriasis in difficult-to-treat areas
JA Zeichner - The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 2010 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
… Finally, palmoplantar psoriasis is often … Coal tar has been used to treat psoriasis for hundreds of years. In a novel foam vehicle, coal tar 2% is versatile and may be used to treat psoriasis …
An evidence-based review of the efficacy of coal tar preparations in the treatment of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.
JB Slutsky, RA Clark, AA Remedios… - Journal of drugs in …, 2010 - europepmc.org
… coal tar for the treatment of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on coal tar … light, for the treatment of psoriasis or AD. METHODS: MEDLINE/PubMed …
Clindamycin
Clindamycin is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections, including infections of the lungs, skin, blood, female reproductive organs, and internal organs. Clindamycin is in a class of medications called lincomycin antibiotics. It works by slowing or stopping the growth of bacteria.
Clobetasol
Clobetasol is in a class of medications called super high-potency corticosteroids. This medication is used to treat a variety of skin conditions (such as eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, allergies, rash). Clobetasol works by getting the body to stop its extreme immune response. When the immune system's reaction calms down, cell turnover slows, and the itchy, scaly rash improves.
Research
Topical clobetasol-17-propionate: review of its clinical efficacy and safety
EA Olsen, RC Cornell - Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1986 - Elsevier
… A single application of 25 gm of clobetasol ointment to twelve patients with eczema or psoriasis resulted in a rapid rise in plasma levels during the first 3 hours mad peak levels between …
Topical 0.05% clobetasol cream in the treatment of chronic hand eczema: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis
M Jing, Q Yu, B Zhu, F Yuan, J Zhang, L Peng, W Lin… - Medicine, 2021 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
… In recent years, topical 0.05% clobetasol cream is widely used for the treatment of CHE for its … Therefore, this work aims to assess the effectiveness and safety of topical 0.05% clobetasol …
Relative efficacy and interchangeability of various clobetasol propionate vehicles in the management of steroid-responsive dermatoses
SR Feldman - Current therapeutic research, 2005 - Elsevier
… propionate, drug bioavailability, Class I topical agents, and … and atopic dermatitis. Two unpublished clinical investigations comparing clobetasol propionate lotion 0.05% with clobetasol …
Successful treatment of therapy-resistant atopic dermatitis with clobetasol propionate and a hydrocolloid occlusive dressing.
G Volden - Acta dermato-venereologica. Supplementum, 1992 - europepmc.org
… amount of common topical steroid treatment needed. We conclude that clobetasol propionate and Duoderm once a week is the best treatment for resistant lesions of atopic dermatitis. …
Topical clobetasol propionate in the treatment of psoriasis
SR Feldman, BA Yentzer - American journal of clinical dermatology, 2009 - Springer
… topical corticosteroids are the mainstay of psoriasis treatment, used either alone or in combination with a topical … Traditionally used in an ointment vehicle for psoriasis, clobetasol …
Clomiphene
In men, clomiphene works by stimulating the body's own production of testosterone, signaling the testes to produce testosterone and thereby increase testosterone levels.
Research
The effects of aging in normal men on bioavailable testosterone and luteinizing hormone secretion: response to clomiphene citrate
JS TENOVER, AM MATSUMOTO… - The Journal of …, 1987 - academic.oup.com
Serum testosterone (T) levels in men decline with age while serum LH levels, as measured by RIA, increase. To assess if the decline in serum T levels in healthy aging men is …
Clomiphene increases free testosterone levels in men with both secondary hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction: who does and does not benefit?
AT Guay, J Jacobson, JB Perez, MB Hodge… - International journal of …, 2003 - nature.com
… These findings reinforce the recommendation to check testosterone levels in all men with ED. We also conclude that clomiphene stimulation may provide a reasonable option to correct …
Testosterone supplementation versus clomiphene citrate for hypogonadism: an age matched comparison of satisfaction and efficacy
R Ramasamy, JM Scovell, JR Kovac… - The Journal of …, 2014 - auajournals.org
… men on CC, testosterone injectables and testosterone gels despite highly increased serum testosterone in men using injectable testosterone. … that supraphysiological testosterone levels …
Outcomes of clomiphene citrate treatment in young hypogonadal men
DJ Katz, O Nabulsi, R Tal, JP Mulhall - BJU international, 2012 - Wiley Online Library
… In conclusion, CC is an effective and safe alternative to testosterone supplementation therapy in hypogonadal men. The present study showed that there were significant improvements …
Clotrimazole
Clotrimazole is in a class of medications called Imidazole antifungals. It kills fungus by causing holes to appear in its cell membrane and the contents leak out. This kills the fungus and treats the infection.
Cyclobenzaprine
Cyclobenzaprine is in a class of medications called skeletal muscle relaxants. Cyclobenzaprine acts on the spinal cord nerves and decreases the number and severity of muscle spasms. It also relieves pain and improves muscle movement in patients with fibromyalgia.
Research
Comprehensive Review of Topical Analgesics for Chronic Pain
J Maloney, S Pew, C Wie, R Gupta, J Freeman… - Current pain and …, 2021 - Springer
… There have been multiple studies on the efficacy of topical NSAIDs, capsaicin, and … ,cyclobenzaprine, baclofen, and amitriptyline are limited. This article reviews various topical agents …
Compounded topical analgesics for chronic pain
AE Cline, JE Turrentine - Dermatitis, 2016 - journals.lww.com
… Cyclobenzaprine has been used to treat chronic pain due to musculoskeletal disorders and fibromyalgia. Cyclobenzaprine is often compounded into topical … a topical compounded …
A review of pluronic lecithin organogel as a topical and transdermal drug delivery system
S Murdan - Hospital pharmacist, 2005 - shop.fagron.cz
… Ketoprofen 10 per cent, cyclobenzaprine 1 per cent and lidocaine 5 per cent in pluronic lecithin organogel. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding 1998;2:154. 11. …
Novel treatment of radicular pain with a multi-mechanistic combination topical agent: a case series and literature review
P Safaeian, R Mattie, M Hahn… - … and Pain Medicine, 2016 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
… While topical formulations have been explored in pain research, there is no published … treated with a topical formulation of diclofenac, ibuprofen, baclofen, cyclobenzaprine, bupivacaine, …
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a hormone that your body naturally produces in the adrenal gland. DHEA helps produce other hormones, including testosterone and estrogen. DHEA concentration decreases with age, therefore, DHEA has been considered a hormone that reduces the symptoms associated with aging.
Research
The relationship of circulating dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, and estradiol to stages of the menopausal transition and ethnicity
BL Lasley, N Santoro, JF Randolf… - The Journal of …, 2002 - academic.oup.com
In this report, 3029 women between the ages of 42 and 54 yr from five ethnic groups were studied for 2 yr. Log circulating dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) concentrations were highest among Chinese and Japanese and lowest among African Americans and …
Supplementation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in pre-and postmenopausal women—position statement of expert panel of Polish Menopause and Andropause …
M Rabijewski, L Papierska, M Binkowska… - Ginekologia …, 2020 - journals.viamedica.pl
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) concentration decreases with age, therefore, DHEA has been considered a hormone that reduces the symptoms associated with aging, so the usefulness of DHEA in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, and the options of hormone therapy have received a large amount of attention. The effectiveness of DHEA in the premenopausal women remains unclear, while in postmenopausal women with coexisting estrogens deficiency is controversial. Despite many years of study, the use of …
Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation on sexual function in premenopausal infertile women
VA Kushnir, SK Darmon, DH Barad, A Weghofer… - Endocrine, 2019 - Springer
Purpose To investigate the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation on female sexual function in premenopausal infertile women of advanced ages. Methods This observational study was conducted in an academically affiliated private fertility center. Patients included 87 premenopausal infertile women, 50 of whom completed the study including the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaires and comprehensive endocrine evaluation before and 4–8 weeks after initiating 25 mg of oral micronized DHEA …
Efficacy of intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on moderate to severe dyspareunia and vaginal dryness, symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy, and of the …
F Labrie, DF Archer, W Koltun, A Vachon, D Young… - Menopause, 2018 - journals.lww.com
Objective: The aim of this study is to confirm the local beneficial effects of intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, Prasterone) on moderate to severe dyspareunia or pain at sexual activity, the most frequent symptom of vulvovaginal atrophy due to menopause or genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). Methods: In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial, the effect of daily intravaginal 0.50% DHEA (6.5 mg)(Prasterone, EndoCeutics) was examined on four coprimary …
Vaginal DHEA to treat menopause related atrophy: a review of the evidence
M Panjari, SR Davis - Maturitas, 2011 - Elsevier
Vaginal atrophy is a common symptom of postmenopausal estrogen deficiency and can present as dryness, irritation, infection and dyspareunia and can affect sexual function and quality of life. Currently vaginal atrophy is treated with the intravaginal application of preparations containing estradiol or estriol, which are both effective and safe. It has been proposed that intravaginally administered dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be used to treat vaginal atrophy. DHEA and its sulphate DHEAS are the most abundant circulating sex …
Dehydroepiandrosterone intra vaginal administration for the management of postmenopausal vulvovaginal atrophy
DF Archer - The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular …, 2015 - Elsevier
The effects of intravaginal administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for the management of symptomatic vulvovaginal atrophy are reviewed. A literature search related to vulvovaginal atrophy, vaginal atrophy, atrophic vaginitis, estrogen, dehydroepiandrosterone, vulvar itching, burning, dryness, dyspareunia, and libido was performed. Relevant articles addressing the incidence, management, and outcome of DHEA therapy were identified and used for this Expert Opinion. DHEA compared to a placebo is an …
Evaluating the efficacy of vaginal dehydroepiandrosterone for vaginal symptoms in postmenopausal cancer survivors: NCCTG N10C1 (Alliance)
DL Barton, JA Sloan, LT Shuster, P Gill, P Griffin… - Supportive Care in …, 2018 - Springer
Background Women with estrogen deficiencies can suffer from vaginal symptoms that negatively impact sexual health. This study evaluated vaginal dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for alleviation of vaginal symptoms. Methods This three-arm randomized, controlled trial evaluated DHEA 3.25 mg and DHEA 6.5 mg, each compared to a plain moisturizer (PM) over 12 weeks, to improve the severity of vaginal dryness or dyspareunia, measured with an ordinal scale, and overall sexual health using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) …
Dehydroepiandrosterone for women in the peri‐or postmenopausal phase
CS Scheffers, S Armstrong… - Cochrane Database …, 2015 - cochranelibrary.com
Background During menopause a decreasing ovarian follicular response generally causes a fluctuation and eventual decrease in estrogen levels. This can lead to the development of various perimenopausal and postmenopausal symptoms (for example hot flushes, night sweats, vaginal dryness). Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is one of the main precursors of androgens, which in turn are converted to testosterone and estrogens. It is possible that the administration of DHEA may increase estrogen and testosterone levels in peri‐and …
Treatment of pain at sexual activity (dyspareunia) with intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone (prasterone)
DF Archer, F Labrie, C Bouchard, DJ Portman… - Menopause, 2015 - journals.lww.com
Objective: This study aims to confirm the local effects of intravaginal prasterone on moderate to severe dyspareunia, a symptom of vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) associated with menopause. Methods: In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial, we examined the effects of daily intravaginal prasterone (6.5 mg) on four co–primary objectives, namely, percentage of vaginal parabasal cells, percentage of vaginal superficial cells, vaginal pH, and moderate to severe dyspareunia identified by …
Diclofenac
Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat mild-to-moderate pain and helps to relieve symptoms of arthritis (eg, osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis), such as inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and joint pain.
Research
A review of topical diclofenac use in musculoskeletal disease
B Nair, R Taylor-Gjevre - Pharmaceuticals, 2010 - mdpi.com
… We review the efficacy and safety of one of the most common topical NSAIDS, topical diclofenac, for the treatment of osteoarthritis. … The remaining two patients had pre-existing history of GI ulcer disease before using the topical diclofenac gel. The authors of the case series …
Safety and efficacy of topical diclofenac sodium gel for knee osteoarthritis in elderly and younger patients
HSB Baraf, FM Gloth, HR Barthel, MS Gold, RD Altman - Drugs & aging, 2011 - Springer
Background: NSAIDs used for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) have dose-related risks for gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and renal adverse events (AEs), particularly in elderly patients. Topical NSAIDs reduce systemic NSAID exposure and may mitigate these risks …
Safety and efficacy of topical diclofenac sodium 1% gel in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial
HSB Baraf, MS Gold, MB Clark… - The Physician and …, 2010 - Taylor & Francis
Background: Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may provide an alternative to oral NSAIDs to relieve pain from osteoarthritis (OA), reducing systemic exposure. This 12-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, multicenter trial …
Topical diclofenac and its role in pain and inflammation: an evidence-based review
J Zacher, R Altman, N Bellamy… - … medical research and …, 2008 - Taylor & Francis
… In addition, non-RCT evidence from publications evaluating the pharmacologic characteristics of topical diclofenac were also included in this review to … The most commonly assessed topical diclofenac formulation was diclofenac diethylamine gel, followed by the diclofenac …
Topical diclofenac: clinical effectiveness and current uses in osteoarthritis of the knee and soft tissue injuries
M Banning - Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2008 - Taylor & Francis
… , efficacy and reported adverse effects of the topical diclofenac formulations available. Results/conclusions: In the majority of studies examined, topical diclofenac formulations with sodium lotion, lecithin or epolamine gel, patch or plaster were either superior or equivalent to oral …
Estrogen
Estrogens are female hormones naturally produced by the body and are necessary for the normal sexual development of the female and for the regulation of the menstrual cycle during the childbearing years. The ovaries begin to produce less estrogen after menopause (the change of life). Estrogen replacement medicine is often prescribed to make up for the lower amount of estrogen.
Research
Estriol in the postmenopause
GM Heimer - Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 1987 - Taylor & Francis
… In one of our studies (32) we have shown that the 24-hour systemic availability (AUC) of 1 mg estriol given vaginally did not differ significantly from that of 10 mg estriol given orally. The plasma estriol levels after 21 days of vaginal application of 1 mg estriol were almost in the …
Estrogen and skin
MG Shah, HI Maibach - American journal of clinical dermatology, 2001 - Springer
As the population of postmenopausal women increases, interest in the effects of estrogen grows. The influence of estrogen on several body systems has been well-documented; however, one area that has not been explored is the effects of estrogen on skin. Estrogen …
Estrogen and skin
YY Shu, HI Maibach - American journal of clinical dermatology, 2011 - Springer
Aging of the skin is associated with skin thinning, atrophy, dryness, wrinkling, and delayed wound healing. These undesirable aging effects are exacerbated by declining estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. With the rise in interest in long-term postmenopausal skin …
Estrogen and skin: the effects of estrogen, menopause, and hormone replacement therapy on the skin
G Hall, TJ Phillips - Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2005 - Elsevier
Aging is associated with declining levels of several hormones, including estrogen. Although the effects of estrogen on the skin are still not fully understood, it is known that, in women, declining estrogen levels are associated with a variety of cutaneous changes, many of which …
Skin collagen changes in postmenopausal women receiving different regimens of estrogen therapy.
M Brincat, E Versi, CF Moniz, A Magos… - Obstetrics and …, 1987 - europepmc.org
Collagen is a widespread body constituent that is affected by estrogen status in women. Its decrease after menopause can be prevented and/or restored by estrogen treatment. We explored the effect of four different hormonal replacement regimens on total skin collagen …
… effect of a new ultra low concentration estriol gel formulation (0.005% estriol vaginal gel) on symptoms and signs of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy: results from a …
A Cano, J Estévez, R Usandizaga, JL Gallo… - Menopause, 2012 - journals.lww.com
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new low-concentration estriol formulation (0.005% estriol vaginal gel), providing an ultra low dose of estriol per application (50 μg), for the local treatment of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy …
Effects of ultralow topical estriol dose on vaginal health and quality of life in postmenopausal women who underwent surgical treatment for pelvic organ prolapse
S Caruso, S Cianci, SG Vitale, MG Matarazzo… - …, 2017 - ingentaconnect.com
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of low concentrations of vaginal estriol gel in postmenopausal women with pelvic static disorders before and after vaginal surgical treatment, assessing vaginal health, sexual function, and quality of life (QoL). Methods …
Quality of life and sexual function of naturally postmenopausal women on an ultralow-concentration estriol vaginal gel
S Caruso, S Cianci, FF Amore, B Ventura, E Bambili… - Menopause, 2016 - journals.lww.com
Objective: This study aims to evaluate the sexual function and quality of life (QoL) of naturally postmenopausal women affected by genitourinary syndrome of menopause who were treated with an ultralow-concentration estriol vaginal gel (0.005%). Methods …
Mayo Clinic information (vaginal route)
Finasteride
Finasteride blocks the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the androgen responsible for hair loss (androgenetic alopecia). Research has shown it promotes scalp hair growth and prevents further hair loss.
Research
Topical finasteride for the treatment of male androgenetic alopecia and female pattern hair loss: a review of the current literature
P Suchonwanit, W Iamsumang… - Journal of …, 2020 - Taylor & Francis
Background: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a frequently encountered dermatological concern that impacts a patient's self-esteem and quality of life. Finasteride is a selective 5-alpha reductase inhibitor that has been approved for the treatment of male AGA and the off …
A systematic review of topical finasteride in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men and women
SW Lee, M Juhasz, P Mobasher, C Ekelem… - Journal of drugs in …, 2018 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
… decrease in the rate of hair loss, increase in total and terminal hair counts, and positive hair growth assessment with topical FNS. Both scalp … This study provides the first evidence that topical FNS slows AGA-associated hair loss by modulating DHT levels, while also reducing …
Efficacy of topical combination of 0.25% finasteride and 3% minoxidil versus 3% minoxidil solution in female pattern hair loss: a randomized, double-blind, controlled …
P Suchonwanit, W Iamsumang… - American journal of …, 2019 - Springer
Background The relationship between female pattern hair loss (FPHL) and androgenic hormones is not well established, but some evidence indicates oral finasteride may be efficacious in FPHL. Use of a topical formulation has been proposed to minimize unwanted …
Hair loss in women
FM Camacho-Martinez - Seminars in cutaneous medicine and …, 2009 - cdn.mdedge.com
… We also treated 31 women with PCOS who presented as FAGA.I–II with 5 mg/d finasteride and 5% topical minoxidil. At these doses a reasonable clinical improvement was obtained in 23 women (74.1%; Fig. 11A and 11D) and moderate improvement in another 8 cases (25.8%)…
Fluconazole
Fluconazole is in a class of medications called Triazole antifungals. It kills fungus by causing holes to appear in its cell membrane and the contents leak out. This kills the fungus and treats the infection.
Research
Fluconazole nasal spray in the treatment of allergic fungal sinusitis: a pilot study
A Jen, A Kacker, C Huang… - Ear, nose & throat …, 2004 - journals.sagepub.com
… ofchronic sinusitis characterized by nasal obstruction, sinus pain, … saline nasal irrigation has been used to clear the nasal and … ies uscd to formulare the nasal spray uscd in this study, but …
Y Khalil, A Tharwat, AG Abdou, E Essa… - Ear, Nose & Throat …, 2011 - journals.sagepub.com
… and nasal fluconazole (group C), and irrigation with a fluconazole solution through the nasal … Fluconazole nasal spray in the treatment of allergic fungal sinusitis: A pilot study. Ear Nose …
Fluorouracil
5-fluorouracil is a fluorinated pyrimidine analog that acts as an anti-metabolic agent, which inhibits fibroblast growth and decreases collagen synthesis resulting in scar degradation.
Research
5-Fluorouracil treatment of problematic scars
MJ Haurani, K Foreman, JJ Yang… - Plastic and …, 2009 - journals.lww.com
… the scar literature, we decided to study the role of 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of abnormal scars. These articles suggest that intralesional 5-fluorouracil … of our prospective case series evaluating the utility of intralesional 5-fluorouracil for abnormal scar treatment and prevention. …
Triamcinolone acetonide combined with 5-fluorouracil suppresses urethral scar fibroblasts autophagy and fibrosis by increasing miR-192-5p expression
W Zhou, Q Yu, J Ma, C Xu, D Wu… - American Journal of …, 2021 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Urethral stricture is one of the common diseases in urology. It can lead to obstructive voiding dysfunction and may cause long-term damage to the entire urinary tract. Here, we investigated the effect of combined use of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and triamcinolone acetonide …
Steroids and fluorouracil for keloids and hypertrophic scars
W Carroll, K Patel - JAMA facial plastic surgery, 2015 - jamanetwork.com
… scars and keloids. The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence for triamcinolone and fluorouracil, either alone or in combination, in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and …
Gabapentin
Gabapentin belongs to a class of medications called anticonvulsants and has been used to treat nerve pain, such as burning, shooting, or stabbing pain. Gabapentin works by changing the way that nerves send messages to your brain. By altering the way nerves work, gabapentin may reduce your pain.
Research
Topical gabapentin in the treatment of localized and generalized vulvodynia
LA Boardman, AS Cooper, LR Blais… - Obstetrics & …, 2008 - journals.lww.com
… Based on our findings, topical gabapentin has the capacity to fulfill these criteria. As background, gabapentin was first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1993 for the …
Severe postherpetic neuralgia and other neuropathic pain syndromes alleviated by topical gabapentin
S Hiom, GK Patel, RG Newcombe, S Khot… - British Journal of …, 2015 - academia.edu
… gabapentin concentration after topical application (0.01 lg mL … lower than that reported for oral gabapentin (2–20 lg mL … 35 patients with VVD found that topical gabapentin led to a > 50% …
Topical gabapentin gel alleviates allodynia and hyperalgesia in the chronic sciatic nerve constriction injury neuropathic pain model
M Shahid, F Subhan, N Ahmad, G Ali… - … Journal of Pain, 2017 - Wiley Online Library
… of topical gabapentin gel in the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain. Both gabapentin gel and systemic gabapentin-… Topical gabapentin gel offers the advantage that it is …
Analgesic Efficacy and Transdermal Penetration of Topical Gabapentin Creams: Finding an Optimal Dose and Pre-treatment Time.
A Heustess, S Spigener, S Sweitzer… - International Journal …, 2015 - europepmc.org
… compound gabapentin into … of topical gabapentin compounded in Lipoderm were applied at various pre-treatment times (30 minutes, 1 hour, and 4 hours) to investigate what gabapentin …
J Mao, LL Chen - Anesthesia & Analgesia, 2000 - journals.lww.com
… However, both the efficacy and indications of gabapentin for pain treatment are yet to be established, and there is a lack of consensus with regard to the dosage, indications for use of …
Gabapentin in the treatment of neuropathic pain
MI Bennett, KH Simpson - Palliative Medicine, 2004 - journals.sagepub.com
… pain and pain associated with multiple sclerosis.In general, treatment with gabapentin was successful in reducing pain … Following the apparent success of gabapentin described in case …
Gabapentin for acute and chronic pain
PJ Wiffen, HJ McQuay, J Edwards… - Cochrane database of …, 2005 - cochranelibrary.com
… , case reports, clinical observations or studies of gabapentin used to treat pain produced by … Since the first version of this review, gabapentin has become established as a treatment for …
Gentamicin
Gentamicin is used to treat or prevent infections in the skin and nasal cavity due to certain strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa aureus bacteria. This medicine works by killing bacteria or preventing their growth.
Research
Safety and efficacy of once‐daily nasal irrigation for the treatment of pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis
JL Wei, KJ Sykes, P Johnson, J He… - The …, 2011 - Wiley Online Library
… to perform gentamicin nasal irrigation (30 … gentamicin with mean serum level of 0.42 μg/mL. Four of the 12 patients had serum gentamicin levels within the normal range for gentamicin …
Nasal administration of gentamicin using a novel microsphere delivery system
L Ilium, N Farraj, H Critchley, SS Davis - International journal of …, 1988 - Elsevier
… the uptake of the drug across the nasal membrane. This uptake was … gentamicin was increased to about 50% of the iv dose as compared to less than 1% for a simple nasal gentamicin …
A pilot study of the effect of gentamicin on nasal potential difference measurements in cystic fibrosis patients carrying stop mutations
M WILSCHANSKI, C FAMINI, H BLAU… - American journal of …, 2000 - atsjournals.org
… The aim of this research was to determine if topical application of gentamicin to the nasal … gentamicin drops (0.3%, 3 mg/ml) three times daily intranasally for a total of 14 d. Nasal …
Use of aminoglycosides in surgical infections.
HH Stone, LD Kolb, CE Geheber, EJ Dawkins - Annals of Surgery, 1976 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
… Haynes' comment that, should there be established drainage, andyet sepsis is still a problem, then antibiotics become quite useful in controlling bacteremia until local wound care can …
Local injection of aminoglycosides for prophylaxis against infection in open fractures
CR Lawing, FC Lin, LE Dahners - The Journal of Bone and Joint …, 2015 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
… The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of local wound cavity injections of aqueous aminoglycosides (gentamicin and tobramycin), in conjunction with systemic antibiotics…
Glycolic Acid
Glycolic acid can remove the top layer of skin cells with the need for physical debridement (i.e. scrubbing) and is often used to exfoliate skin and reduce the rough or raised appearance of a scar. Glycolic acid has shown to reduce the discoloration of acne scars as well.
Research
Comparison of topical therapy for striae alba (20% glycolic acid/0.05% tretinoin versus 20% glycolic acid/10% L‐ascorbic acid)
K Ash, J Lord, M ZUKOWSKL… - Dermatologic …, 1998 - Wiley Online Library
… In Elson's study, early stretch marks (striae rubra) were effectively treated with 0.1% … stretch mark but not by histologic analysis. Whereas Elson's work concentrated on early stretch marks…
Striae distensae (stretch marks) and different modalities of therapy: an update
ML Elsaie, LS Baumann, LT Elsaaiee - Dermatologic Surgery, 2009 - Wiley Online Library
… Glycolic Acid and Trichloroacetic Acid Glycolic acid (GA) is an alpha hydroxyl acid. Although there are several reports on the clinical effects of GA in rejuvenation, peeling, and …
Retinoic acid and glycolic acid combination in the treatment of acne scars
BS Chandrashekar, KR Ashwini… - Indian Dermatology …, 2015 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
… (a) Acne scars with global scarring grading system score of 6 before starting of … acid and glycolic acid treatment (b) Acne scars after 12 weeks of retinoic acid and glycolic acid treatment …
Hyaluronic Acid
Hyaluronic acid is naturally produced by the body and is found in high concentrations within the skin. Hyaluronic acid is essential for maintaining your skin's moisture balance and is responsible for your skin’s plumpness and volume. Hyaluronic acid has been shown to attract and retain water, making it an excellent hydrating ingredient. As we age, hyaluronic acid levels decline, which is why it’s important to supplement products that contain this ingredient.
Research
Hyaluronic acid, a promising skin rejuvenating biomedicine: A review of recent updates and pre-clinical and clinical investigations on cosmetic and nutricosmetic …
SNA Bukhari, NL Roswandi, M Waqas, H Habib… - International journal of …, 2018 - Elsevier
… In this study, authors have tested four topical cream formulations (Balea, Nivea, Lancome, Chanel) containing HA on 20 women with periorbital … The therapeutic significance of hyaluronic acid formulations for the treatment of wrinkles including are shown in Table 1. …
Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging
E Papakonstantinou, M Roth… - Dermato …, 2012 - Taylor & Francis
Skin aging is a multifactorial process consisting of two distinct and independent mechanisms: intrinsic and extrinsic aging. Youthful skin retains its turgor, resilience and pliability, among others, due to its high content of water. Daily external injury, in addition to...
Hydroquinone
Hydroquinone is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin. This medicine works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.
Research
A clinical, prospective, randomized, double‐blind trial comparing skin whitening complex with hydroquinone vs. placebo in the treatment of melasma
AL Haddad, LF Matos, F Brunstein… - International journal …, 2003 - Wiley Online Library
Objectives To compare, in a double‐blind, randomized, prospective study, the clinical improvement of hyperpigmentation in 30 patients with melasma using hydroquinone or skin whitening complex topically on one side of the face vs. a placebo cream on the other. The …
A hydroquinone solution in the treatment of melasma
JL Sanchez, M Vazquez - International journal of dermatology, 1982 - Wiley Online Library
Two versions of a 3% hydroquinone solution in a hydroalcoholic solution were tested in 46 patients with melasma. The more effective of the two solutions tested, Formula A, was found to produce improvement in 88% of the patients, with moderate to marked improvement in …
Topical hydroquinone in the treatment of some hyperpigmentary disorders
M Amer, M Metwalli - International journal of dermatology, 1998 - Wiley Online Library
Seventy patients (50 with melasma, 10 with freckles, and 10 with post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation) were admitted to this trial. Treatment in the form of 4% hydroquinone (HQ) was applied topically twice daily for a maximum of 12 weeks. Patients were advised to …
Topical use of hydroquinone as a depigmenting agent
KA Arndt, TB Fitzpatrick - Jama, 1965 - jamanetwork.com
Hydroquinone is known to inhibit melanogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, 2% and 5% hydroquinone creams were topically applied to the hyperpigmented skin of 56 patients. Used in this way, hydroquinone was a moderately effective depigmenting agent in …
The safety of hydroquinone
JJ Nordlund, PE Grimes… - Journal of the European …, 2006 - Wiley Online Library
… over 50 years and no cases of skin cancer or internal malignancy related to the topical application of hydroquinone have been reported. … of hydroquinone. , 52 When compared to parenterally administered hydroquinone, topical hydroquinone has demonstrated no renal toxicity. …
Ipratropium
Ipratropium is used to treat a runny nose caused by the common cold or seasonal allergies. It works by reducing the amount of fluid/mucus released from inside your nose.
Research
Ipratropium nasal spray: a new treatment for rhinorrhea in the common cold
P Borum, L Olsen, B Winther… - American Review of …, 1981 - atsjournals.org
… was to study the effect of ipratropium spray on rhinorrhea in … In this first study of ipratropium treatment of the common cold, … to study any effect of ipratropium on nasal obstruction, as both …
Ipratropium nasal spray in children with perennial rhinitis
EO Meltzer, HA Orgel, R Biondi, J Georgitis… - Annals of Allergy …, 1997 - Elsevier
… Treatment with ipratropium reduced symptoms of rhinorrhea primarily in patients with PNAR… patients and suggested that treatment with ipratropium nasal spray was associated with an …
A clinical trial of ipratropium bromide nasal spray in patients with perennial nonallergic rhinitis
EA Bronsky, H Druce, SR Findlay, FC Hampel… - Journal of allergy and …, 1995 - Elsevier
… of a new isotonic aqueous ipratropium bromide nasal spray pump, specifically in … of ipratropium bromide nasal spray with its vehicle, a saline solution. Treatment with the ipratropium …
DKC Sur, ML Plesa - American family physician, 2018 - aafp.org
… , and intranasal ipratropium. Combination therapy with … Nasal irrigation and intranasal capsaicin may be helpful but … Intranasal ipratropium is typically administered as one or two …
Nonallergic rhinitis (runny or stuffy nose)
RH Fletcher, J Corren, MD Deputy, LK Moynihan… - rbsmedical.com
… Nasal irrigation is particularly useful for symptoms of postnasal drainage. Nasal irrigation can be used before use of nasal … The latter technique is called nasal irrigation or nasal lavage. …
Ivermectin
Ivermectin represents a unique treatment for reducing inflammatory lesions of rosacea and is thought to exert its benefit via dual mechanisms. First, ivermectin has anti-inflammatory activity, decreasing both the cellular and humoral immunity pathways that are thought to be involved in the development of rosacea. In addition, ivermectin is a vermicidal agent, killing Demodex mites that have been implicated in rosacea pathophysiology and may drive inflammation.
Research
Topical ivermectin in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea: a systematic review of evidence and clinical guideline recommendations
CCF Ebbelaar, AW Venema, MR Van Dijk - Dermatology and Therapy, 2018 - Springer
… In this review, we aimed to provide an update on topical ivermectin in the treatment of rosacea compared to other treatment options. We calculated NNTs since these are highly …
An emerging treatment: topical ivermectin for papulopustular rosacea
M Abokwidir, AB Fleischer - Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2015 - Taylor & Francis
… The recent clinical studies of ivermectin on rosacea show that it was superior to vehicle in … Topical ivermectin is a highly effective and well-tolerated treatment for papulopustular rosacea …
Dual anti‐inflammatory and anti‐parasitic action of topical ivermectin 1% in papulopustular rosacea
M Schaller, L Gonser, K Belge… - Journal of the …, 2017 - Wiley Online Library
… Recently, therapy of rosacea with inflammatory lesions (papulopustular) has improved substantially with the approval of topical ivermectin 1% cream. It is assumed to have a dual mode …
The treatment of rosacea with topical ivermectin.
ST Ali, H Alinia, SR Feldman - Drugs of Today (Barcelona, Spain …, 2015 - europepmc.org
… safety of topical ivermectin. PubMed … topical ivermectin", "ivermectin cream" and "rosacea". Three clinical trials were found that studied topical ivermectin as a treatment option for rosacea…
Efficacy of topical ivermectin and impact on quality of life in patients with papulopustular rosacea: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
H Husein‐ElAhmed, M Steinhoff - Dermatologic Therapy, 2020 - Wiley Online Library
… -analysis, ivermectin showed … ivermectin is the most effective topical treatment. Besides, this agent provides the greatest psychological benefit as it satisfies the stigmatization of rosacea …
Ketoconazole
Ketoconazole is in a class of medications called Imidazole antifungals. Research has shown that ketoconazole is active against the scalp microflora and shows some intrinsic anti-inflammatory activity might improve alopecia.
Research
Topical application of ketoconazole stimulates hair growth in C3H/HeN mice
J Jiang, R Tsuboi, Y Kojima… - The Journal of …, 2005 - Wiley Online Library
… as a hair growth stimulant. Although the therapeutic mechanism of topical KCZ for hair growth … for treating seborrheic dermatitis accompanied by hair regression or male pattern hair loss. …
Medical treatments for male and female pattern hair loss
NE Rogers, MR Avram - Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2008 - Elsevier
… in some patients taking oral ketoconazole. The oral administration of ketoconazole for AGA is … Although ketoconazole may not be the most effective tool for hair loss, it is an important …
Ketoconazole shampoo: effect of long-term use in androgenic alopecia
C Piérard-Franchimont, P De Doncker… - Dermatology, 1998 - karger.com
… a cytokine inducing hair loss [3]. The negative influence of inflammation on AGA hair status is … Currently, there is near unanimous recognition that ketoconazole (KCZ) is highly effective …
Hair: What is New in Diagnosis and Management?: Female Pattern Hair Loss Update: Diagnosis and Treatment
NA Mesinkovska, WF Bergfeld - Dermatologic clinics, 2013 - derm.theclinics.com
… in male androgenetic alopecia and female pattern hair loss: an update of what we now know. … Ketoconazole also affects steroidogenesis locally and it decreases DHT levels at the …
Topical ketoconazole for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia: a systematic review
JR Fields, PM Vonu, RL Monir… - Dermatologic …, 2020 - Wiley Online Library
… Topical ketoconazole has been proposed as a promising … to evaluate the efficacy of topical ketoconazole in the treatment of … Va hair loss (Hamilton-Norwood classification) showed hair …
Ketoprofen
Ketoprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat mild-to-moderate pain and helps to relieve symptoms of arthritis (eg, osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis), such as inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and joint pain.
Research
Topical NSAIDs for acute pain in adults
T Massey, S Derry, RA Moore… - Cochrane Database of …, 2010 - cochranelibrary.com
Background Use of topical NSAIDs to treat acute musculoskeletal conditions is widely accepted in some parts of the world, but not in others. Their main attraction is their potential to provide pain relief without associated systemic adverse events. Objectives To review the …
Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain: systematic review and meta-analysis
L Mason, RA Moore… - BMC …, 2004 - bmcmusculoskeletdisord …
A previous systematic review reported that topical NSAIDs were effective in relieving pain in chronic conditions like osteoarthritis and tendinitis. More trials, a better understanding of trial quality and bias, and a reclassification of certain drugs necessitate a new review. Studies …
Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults
S Derry, P Conaghan, JAP Da Silva… - Cochrane Database …, 2016 - cochranelibrary.com
Background Use of topical nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to treat chronic musculoskeletal conditions has become widely accepted because they can provide pain relief without associated systemic adverse events. This review is an update of' topical …
Safety and efficacy of topical ketoprofen in transfersome gel in knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review
V Sardana, J Burzynski, P Zalzal - Musculoskeletal Care, 2017 - Wiley Online Library
… treatment arms, and the 50 mg topical ketoprofen in Transfersome gel group had functional … in the topical ketoprofen groups was comparable with that in the topical placebo treatment …
Topical ketoprofen patch (100 mg) for the treatment of ankle sprain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
B Mazières, S Rouanet, J Velicy… - … American journal of …, 2005 - journals.sagepub.com
… topical ketoprofen have been reported, 2 especially photosensitization, possibly related to benzophenone chromophore. A recent review of trials studying other topical … AEs after topical …
Lactic Acid
Lactic acid is a gentle alpha-hydroxy acid that helps promote the skin’s natural exfoliation process. By eliminating the buildup of dead cells, this ingredient may help soften and smooth your rough or scaly skin.
Research
Treatment with a barrier-strengthening moisturizer prevents relapse of hand eczema. An open, randomized, prospective, parallel group study
M LODéN, K WIRéN, KT Smerud… - Acta dermato …, 2010 - pdfs.semanticscholar.org
… eczema and they used moisturizers daily. Patients with a possible allergy to ingredients in the study medication and patients with active psoriatic lesions, active atopic eczema … lactic acid…
Topical treatments for managing patients with eczema.
P Buchanan, M Courtenay - Nursing standard, 2007 - search.ebscohost.com
… Emollients containing urea, lactic acid, salicylic acid and glycerol promote skin hydration and removal of excess scale (desquamation) and are particularly useful for very scaly, dry skin …
Epidermal and dermal effects of topical lactic acid
WP Smith - Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1996 - Elsevier
… % lactic acid resulted in increased epidermal and dermal firmness and thickness and clinical improvement in skin … No dermal changes were observed after treatment with 5% lactic acid; …
Lactic acid applications in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries
RA Abd Alsaheb, A Aladdin, NZ Othman… - Journal of Chemical …, 2015 - academia.edu
… Topically applied lactic acid salts, particularly … Lactic acid is an alpha hydroxyl acid used in skin care as a chemical exfoliant. A lactic acid lotion benefits skin by dissolving dead skin that …
Levofloxacin
Levofloxacin is in a class of medications called Fluoroquinolones. It covers the pathogens that are involved in sinusitis, and an added advantage is that it is effective in attacking organisms that are becoming resistant.
Research
Culture-directed topical antibiotic treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis
VS Lee, GE Davis - American journal of rhinology & allergy, 2016 - journals.sagepub.com
Background Topical antibiotics, delivered optimally as high-volume culture-directed sinus irrigations, are being increasingly used for recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS)...
Lidocaine
Lidocaine is in a class of medications called local anesthetics. Lidocaine is a numbing agent that blocks the nerve impulses that send pain signals to your brain.
Research
Topical lidocaine for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia
W Khaliq, S Alam, NK Puri - Cochrane Database of Systematic …, 2007 - cochranelibrary.com
Background This is an update of the original Cochrane review published in Issue 2, 2007. The cause of postherpetic neuralgia is damage to peripheral neurons, dorsal root ganglia, and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, secondary to herpes zoster infection (shingles). In …
Topical lidocaine for neuropathic pain in adults
S Derry, PJ Wiffen, RA Moore… - Cochrane Database of …, 2014 - cochranelibrary.com
… This review found no evidence from good quality randomized controlled studies to support the use of topical lidocaine to treat neuropathic pain, although individual studies indicated that it was effective for relief of pain. Clinical experience also supports efficacy in some …
Topical lidocaine gel relieves postherpetic neuralgia
MC Rowbotham, PS Davies… - Annals of Neurology …, 1995 - Wiley Online Library
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) following herpes zoster is a common and disabling neuropathic pain syndrome. In a double‐blind, three‐session study, 5% lidocaine gel or vehicle was applied simultaneously to both the area of pain and to the contralateral mirror …
Menthol
Menthol is used to treat minor aches and pains of the muscles/joints (such as arthritis, backache, sprains). Menthol is known as a counterirritant. It works by causing the skin to feel cool and then warm. These feelings on the skin distract you from feeling the aches/pains deeper in your muscles and joints.
Research
The role and mechanism of action of menthol in topical analgesic products
JV Pergolizzi Jr, R Taylor Jr… - Journal of clinical …, 2018 - Wiley Online Library
… Topical menthol has been shown to help relieve the pain associated with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (patients in this study had either chemotherapy-induced …
The effect of menthol on cold allodynia in patients with neuropathic pain
G Wasner, D Naleschinski, A Binder… - Pain …, 2008 - academic.oup.com
… the effect of topical menthol on preexisting cold allodynia in neuropathic pain patients to test … In summary, the effect of topically applied menthol has been investigated for the first time in …
The effect of either topical menthol or a placebo on functioning and knee pain among patients with knee OA
R Topp, JA Brosky, D Pieschel - Journal of geriatric physical …, 2013 - journals.lww.com
… The purpose of this study was to compare the ability to complete functional tasks and knee pain while completing functional tasks among patients with knee OA after topical application of …
Cancer treatment-related neuropathic pain: proof of concept study with menthol—a TRPM8 agonist
MT Fallon, DJ Storey, A Krishan, CJ Weir… - Supportive Care in …, 2015 - Springer
… As a result of this work, we successfully used topical menthol, a TRPM8 agonist, in two cases of treatment-resistant chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, allowing continuation …
[HTML] Acute effect of topical menthol on chronic pain in slaughterhouse workers with carpal tunnel syndrome: triple-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial
E Sundstrup, MD Jakobsen, M Brandt, K Jay… - … research and practice, 2014 - hindawi.com
… Pain intensity of the arm/hand decreased by −1.2 (CI 95%: −1.7 to −0.6) following topical menthol … In conclusion, topical menthol acutely reduces pain intensity during the working day in …
Menthol: a natural analgesic compound
N Galeotti, LDC Mannelli, G Mazzanti, A Bartolini… - Neuroscience …, 2002 - Elsevier
… effect of menthol. (−)-Menthol produced a dose-dependent increase in the pain threshold in the … Applied topically, menthol causes tingling sensation and a feeling of coolness due to …
Metronidazole
Metronidazole is an antibiotic. It may help to decrease redness, swelling, and the number of lesions (pimples and red bumps) caused by rosacea. It is believed to work by decreasing swelling and inflammation. Metronidazole has been reported to result in a reduction or eradication of wound odor, decrease in wound drainage, improvement in wound appearance, decrease in surrounding cellulitis, halting of tissue necrosis, and decrease in pain.
Research
Topical metronidazole
KJ McClellan, S Noble - American journal of clinical dermatology, 2000 - Springer
Topical application of the antibacterial agent metronidazole is effective in the treatment of moderate to severe rosacea, although its mechanism of action has yet to be clearly established. Metronidazole preparations (0.75 and 1% cream, 0.75% gel and 0.75% lotion) …
Topical metronidazole maintains remissions of rosacea
MV Dahl, HI Katz, GG Krueger, LE Millikan… - Archives of …, 1998 - jamanetwork.com
Background Rosacea is a chronic skin disease that requires long-term therapy. Oral antibiotics and topical metronidazole successfully treat rosacea. Because long-term use of systemic antibiotics carries risks for systemic complications and adverse reactions, topical …
Topical metronidazole therapy for rosacea
PA Bleicher, JH Charles, AJ Sober - Archives of dermatology, 1987 - jamanetwork.com
Forty patients with rosacea were treated topically with 0.75% metronidazole gel in a randomized split-face double-blind paired-comparison trial. With twice-daily applications, 36.7, 48.5, and 65.1 mean percent reductions in total papules and pustules were noted over …
Minoxidil
Minoxidil is considered a vasodilator that increases blood flow. It is applied to the scalp and is used to stimulate hair growth in adult men and women with a certain type of baldness.
Research
Topical minoxidil therapy for hair regrowth.
JA Rumsfield, DP West, VC Fiedler-Weiss - Clinical pharmacy, 1987 - europepmc.org
… The pathogenesis of hair loss, the postulated mechanisms of minoxidil action on hair growth, … formulations, and percutaneous absorption of topical minoxidil preparations are reviewed. …
Quality of life in women with female pattern hair loss and the impact of topical minoxidil treatment on quality of life in these patients
XS Zhuang, YY Zheng, JJ Xu… - Experimental and …, 2013 - spandidos-publications.com
… Topical minoxidil has been shown to be effective and safe in … and investigate whether topical minoxidil solution treatment … The results of the study demonstrated that topical minoxidil …
Minoxidil and its use in hair disorders: a review
P Suchonwanit, S Thammarucha… - Drug design …, 2019 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
… To date, topical minoxidil is the mainstay treatment for androgenetic alopecia and is used as an off-label treatment for other hair loss conditions. Despite its widespread application, the …
Topical minoxidil in early male pattern baldness
EA Olsen, MS Weiner, ER Delong, SR Pinnell - Journal of the American …, 1985 - Elsevier
… This cessation of hair loss may be an effect of topical minoxidil but may also reflect a quiescent period in the natural course of male pattern baldness. In general, the nonresponders had …
A randomized clinical trial of 5% topical minoxidil versus 2% topical minoxidil and placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men
EA Olsen, FE Dunlap, T Funicella, JA Koperski… - Journal of the American …, 2002 - Elsevier
… in the 2% topical minoxidil and placebo … hair loss condition and feeling about present hair loss condition (Table VI). In one case (effect of hair loss condition on life), 5% topical minoxidil …
Misoprostol
Misoprostol is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1 that is known to reduce the inflammatory process and promote collagen formation in wounds. Research has shown topical misoprostol may decrease the healing time of acute wounds.
Research
An investigation of misoprostol in the promotion of wound healing
JM Vandervoort, MA Nieves… - Veterinary and …, 2006 - thieme-connect.com
… misoprostol wound powder to open wounds in dogs would modulate inflammation and decrease wound healing … with 281 surgically cre0ated 8 mm open wounds over the dorsum...
Influence of misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog, on the healing of colonic anastomoses in rats
PG de Oliveira, EG Soares, F Aprilli - Diseases of the colon & rectum, 1994 - Springer
… The test group received misoprostol intragastrically (200/,g/kg … RESULTS: Our results show that misoprostol administration … CONCLUSION: Misoprostol interferes with the balance …
Effects of misoprostol on delayed ulcer healing induced by aspirin
AG Penney, FJ Andrews, PE O'Brien - Digestive diseases and sciences, 1994 - Springer
… However, misoprostol did not reverse the effects of aspirin on an index of wound contraction. We conclude that treatment with misoprostol significantly reverses the delayed healing …
Mometasone
Mometasone is in a class of medications called high-potency corticosteroids. This medication is used to treat a variety of skin and upper respiratory conditions.
Research
Topical mometasone
A Prakash, P Benfield - Drugs, 1998 - Springer
… In the management of scalp psoriasis and psoriasis vulgaris, mometasone 0.1% applied once daily for 2 to 8 weeks was generally more effective than other glucocorticoids of similar or weaker potency such as betamethasone valerate 0.1%, fluocinolone acetonide 0.025%, …
Comparative safety and efficacy of topical mometasone furoate with other topical corticosteroids
F Spada, TM Barnes, KA Greive - Australasian Journal of …, 2018 - Wiley Online Library
Derivatives of hydrocortisone, such as mometasone furoate, a (2′) furoate‐17 ester with chlorine substitutions at positions 9 and 21, have been designed to improve efficacy and reduce the incidence of adverse effects. An extensive literature search of MEDLINE, Embase …
Long‐term, intermittent treatment of chronic hand eczema with mometasone furoate
NK Veien, P Ølholm Larsen… - British Journal of …, 1999 - Wiley Online Library
… Only one of 13 patients (8%) with dorsal hand eczema not treated with topical steroids completed the maintenance phase of the current study without recurrences. The effects of maintenance treatment were independent of the occupation of the patient, patch test reactivity and …
Efficacy and patient-reported outcomes of a new mometasone cream treating atopic eczema
T Ruzicka, C Willers, W Wigger-Alberti - Skin pharmacology and …, 2012 - karger.com
… Despite a number of shortcomings, topical corticosteroids are a mainstay in the treatment of atopic eczema (AE) and remain the recommended first-line therapy in the recent position paper of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology [1]. The choice of a …
Mupirocin
Mupirocin is used to treat or prevent infections in the nose due to certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This medicine works by killing bacteria or preventing their growth.
Research
Nasal lavage with mupirocin for the treatment of surgically recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis
B Uren, A Psaltis, PJ Wormald - The Laryngoscope, 2008 - Wiley Online Library
… to have equivalent in vitro efficacy as the standard mupirocin preparations. … The mupirocin containing solution was delivered via a commercially available 200 mL plastic nasal irrigation …
In Vitro Activity of Mupirocin on Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and its Potential Implications in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
KR Ha, AJ Psaltis, AR Butcher, PJ Wormald… - The …, 2008 - Wiley Online Library
… Mupirocin was capable of reducing biofilm mass by greater than 90% at concentrations of … Conclusions: The topical application of mupirocin via nasal irrigation may be useful in …
The effect of intraoperative mupirocin irrigation on Staphylococcus aureus within the maxillary sinus
KA Seiberling, W Aruni, S Kim, VI Scapa… - International forum of …, 2013 - Wiley Online Library
… Topical application of mupirocin whether by nasal lavage or nebulizer has been recommended as a treatment option in those patients with recalcitrant CRS.8 There is a gap in …
Efficacy of nasal irrigations and nebulizations for nasal symptom relief
JD Dunn, GR Dion, KC McMains - Current Opinion in …, 2013 - journals.lww.com
… utility of nasal saline irrigation in nasal and sinus diseases. … the effectiveness of 0.05% mupirocin nasal washes for treating … start of treatment twice daily with mupirocin for 1 month. They …
Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis exacerbations due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with mupirocin irrigations
CA Solares, PS Batra, GS Hall, MJ Citardi - American journal of …, 2006 - Elsevier
… The aim of this study was to describe the use of mupirocin nasal irrigations for the … mupirocin nasal irrigations (22 g 2% ointment in 1 L of isotonic sodium chloride solution, irrigate each …
Niacinamide
Niacinamide, also known as vitamin B3, plays an important role in soothing and helping to restore the skin barrier. Niacinamide has become a popular ingredient in formulations for acne, eczema, rosacea, and skin discoloration. When applied topically, niacinamide may help strengthen the skin's moisture barrier, which may help reduce the visible effects of skin damage.
Research
Topical niacinamide reduces yellowing, wrinkling, red blotchiness, and hyperpigmented spots in aging facial skin1
DL Bissett, K Miyamoto, P Sun, J Li… - International journal of …, 2004 - Wiley Online Library
Previous clinical testing of topical niacinamide (vitamin B3) has revealed a broad array of improvements in the appearance of aging facial skin. The study reported here was done to confirm some of those previous observations and to evaluate additional end points such as …
Niacinamide: AB vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance
DL Bissett, JE Oblong, CA Berge - Dermatologic surgery, 2005 - Wiley Online Library
… observed skin effects is not clearly defined. This report presents clinical and laboratory results of the aging skin improvement effects of niacinamide … In addition to previously reported skin benefits for topical niacinamide (improvement in the appearance of facial skin texture, red …
Evaluation of anti‐wrinkle effects of a novel cosmetic containing niacinamide
A Kawada, N Konishi, N Oiso… - The Journal of …, 2008 - Wiley Online Library
… containing niacinamide in Japanese female skin. Thus, topical niacinamide may have anti‐wrinkle effects both on white and Asian skin. … In conclusion, our study indicates that the topical niacinamide‐containing cosmetic reduced wrinkles in the eye area of Japanese women. …
An investigation of efficacy of topical niacinamide for the treatment of mild and moderate acne vulgaris
Y Kaymak, M Onder - J Turk Acad Dermatol, 2008 - download.lifvation.com
… : Niacinamide is a newly-approved anti-acne drug with a potent anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, safety and efficacy of topical 4% niacinamide gel … On ageing skin, niacinamide improves the surface structure of the skin, shows a wrinkle-smoothing effect and has an inhibitory …
A double-blind, randomized clinical trial of niacinamide 4% versus hydroquinone 4% in the treatment of melasma
J Navarrete-Solís, JP Castanedo-Cázares… - … research and practice, 2011 - hindawi.com
… To evaluate the therapeutic effect of topical niacinamide versus hydroquinone (HQ) in melasma patients. … that niacinamide 4% is an effective agent for the treatment of melasma, as assessed by objective methods and clinical evaluation. Our results indicate that 4% niacinamide …
Nifedipine
Nifedipine belongs to a class of medications called calcium channel blockers (CCB). CCBs are known to have vasodilatory properties, increasing blood flow to the wound area and stimulating growth factor production.
Research
The effect of topical nifedipine in treatment of chronic anal fissure
F Golfam, P Golfam, A Khalaj, MSS SAYED - 2010 - sid.ir
… healing achievement, recurrence rate and side effects of nifedipine application. Our study showed that the topical use of 0.5% nifedipine could achieve complete healing in 70% of the …
Conservative treatment of acute thrombosed external hemorrhoids with topical nifedipine
P Perrotti, C Antropoli, D Molino, G De Stefano… - Diseases of the colon & …, 2001 - Springer
… The aim was to test the efficacy of local application of nifedipine … with nifedipine (n = 50) used topical 0.3 percent nifedipine … The control group, consisting of 48 patients, received topical …
Topical nifedipine with lidocaine ointment vs. active control for treatment of chronic anal fissure
P Perrotti, A Bove, C Antropoli, D Molino… - Diseases of the colon & …, 2002 - Springer
… Although topical nifedipine and lidocaine ointment appears to have a therapeutic role in leading to a reduction in anal resting pressure, we should also suggest that topical nifedipine is …
Oxymetazoline
Oxymetazoline is used to treat ongoing facial redness caused by rosacea (a skin disease that causes redness and pimples on the face). Oxymetazoline is in a class of medications called alpha 1a adrenoceptor agonists. It works by narrowing the blood vessels in the skin.
Research
Role of topical oxymetazoline for management of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea
RM Hoover, J Erramouspe - Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 2018 - journals.sagepub.com
Objective: To review and summarize topical oxymetazoline's pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, cost, and place in therapy for persistent redness associated with erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Data Sources: Literature searches of …
Rosacea: new and emerging treatments
FA Moustafa, LF Sandoval, SR Feldman - Drugs, 2014 - Springer
… treatment for erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Topical oxymetazoline has potential for the treatment of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea, with … Both oral and topical ivermectin have been studied for the treatment of papulopustular rosacea, both showing benefit; however, only …
Oxymetazoline hydrochloride cream for facial erythema associated with rosacea
NU Patel, S Shukla, J Zaki… - Expert review of clinical …, 2017 - Taylor & Francis
… for topical oxymetazoline HCl with respect to its efficacy and safety for its approved indication of treating the persistent erythema associated with rosacea. … clinical trial evidence and evaluate the safety and efficacy of oxymetazoline HCl as a topical treatment for rosacea patients. …
Panthenol
Panthenol, a precursor of vitamin B5, has been shown to decrease transepidermal water loss and also works as an emollient which means it can moisturize and soothe the skin, as well as help, protect it from environmental factors and skin stresses.
Research
Skin moisturizing effects of panthenol-based formulations
FB Camargo Jr, LR Gaspar… - Journal of cosmetic …, 2011 - Citeseer
… Clinical observations have reported that topically applied panthenol is an aid in … risks of skin irritancy (10,11). Indeed, it has been shown that panthenol has protective effects against skin …
A new topical panthenol-containing emollient: Results from two randomized controlled studies assessing its skin moisturization and barrier restoration potential, and …
H Stettler, P Kurka, N Lunau, C Manger… - Journal of …, 2017 - Taylor & Francis
… These points led to the development of a new topical panthenol-containing emollient (NTP-… proper skin care in subjects with sensitive skin (eg basic emollient care for skin barrier and its …
Dexapanthenol enhances skin barrier repair and reduces inflammation after sodium lauryl sulphate-induced irritation
E Proksch, HP Nissen - Journal of dermatological treatment, 2002 - Taylor & Francis
… AIM: In the present study, the effects were examined of a dexpanthenol-containing cream on skin barrier repair. stratum corneum hydration, skin rough… and inflammation of the skin were …
The effects of a daily facial lotion containing vitamins B3 and E and provitamin B5 on the facial skin of Indian women: a randomized, double-blind trial
H Jerajani, H Mizoguchi, J Li, D Whittenbarger… - Indian Journal of …, 2010 - ijdvl.com
… vitamins niacinamide and panthenol have been shown to reduce many signs of skin aging, … skin effects in Indian women of the daily use of a lotion containing niacinamide, panthenol, …
Pentoxifylline
Pentoxifylline improves the flow of blood through blood vessels, which may lead to improved sexual arousal. Researchers have shown pentoxifylline improves microvascular blood flow in conditions of vascular insufficiency. The clinical benefits have been attributed to decreasing the viscosity of blood, and thereby improving its flow.
Research
Effect of pentoxifylline on microvascular blood flow velocity
N Ohshima, M Sato - Angiology, 1981 - journals.sagepub.com
Pentoxifylline (PF), known to increase red blood cell (RBC) deformability, has recently attracted much attention because of its possible effect of reducing capillary resistance. There has been practically no reliable demonstration of an increase in capillary blood flow by this drug. This study was intended to examine the effect of PF and hence deformability changes on microvascular hemodynamics and the rheological mechanisms underlying such an effect.
Petrolatum
Petrolatum is a popular ingredient often found in over-the-counter lotions and creams for adults and children. It has long been considered one of the most effective moisturizing ingredients and is often referred to as the “gold standard” of occlusive ingredients because it creates a physical barrier that prevents moisture from leaving the skin.
Research
A randomized comparison of an emollient containing skin‐related lipids with a petrolatum‐based emollient as adjunct in the treatment of chronic hand dermatitis
M Kucharekova, PCM Van De Kerkhof… - Contact …, 2003 - Wiley Online Library
… However, evidence for the superiority of emollients containing skin-related lipids over the … an emollient containing skin-related lipids (Locobase ® Repair) with a traditional petrolatum-…
Topical treatments for hypertrophic scars
JM Zurada, D Kriegel, IC Davis - Journal of the American Academy of …, 2006 - Elsevier
… and E in the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scars. … when compared with a petrolatum-based ointment. Before … scar half then received either the onion extract or petrolatum …
Onion extract gel versus petrolatum emollient on new surgical scars: a prospective double‐blinded study
VQ Chung, L Kelley, D Marra, SB Jiang - Dermatologic surgery, 2006 - Wiley Online Library
… -treated and the petrolatum-treated scar halves (Table 3). … healing of scars when compared to petrolatum agrees with … Jackson and Shelton's 12 study of 17 patients with new scars …
A comparison of postprocedural wound care treatments: do antibiotic-based ointments improve outcomes?
ZD Draelos, RL Rizer, NS Trookman - Journal of the American Academy of …, 2011 - Elsevier
… This study demonstrated that the petrolatum-… wound care for superficial wounds created by dermatologists be daily cleansing, followed by application of an antibiotic-free, petrolatum-…
Postoperative wound care after dermatologic procedures: a comparison of 2 commonly used petrolatum-based ointments.
A Morales-Burgos, MP Loosemore… - Journal of Drugs in …, 2013 - europepmc.org
… agents for wound care is important to promote uncomplicated healing. Petrolatum-based … employed to keep wounds moist postoperatively. While they have beneficial properties for …
Phenytoin
Phenytoin may promote wound healing by a number of mechanisms, including stimulation of fibroblast proliferation, facilitation of collagen deposition, glucocorticoid antagonism, and antibacterial activity.
Research
The clinical effect of topical phenytoin on wound healing: a systematic review
J Shaw, CM Hughes, KM Lagan… - British Journal of …, 2007 - Wiley Online Library
… on the effects of topical phenytoin on wound healing. … : phenytoin, wounds and injuries, wound healing, and wound … and theses in the area of wound healing. Papers were included if …
Topical phenytoin for wound healing
A Bhatia, S Prakash - Dermatology online journal, 2004 - escholarship.org
… wounds [4, 5]. Accelerated fracture and periosteal healing with systematically administrated phenytoin … study of phenytoin in cutaneous wound healing used oral phenytoin sodium to …
GM Anstead, LM Hart, JF Sunahara… - Annals of …, 1996 - journals.sagepub.com
… of pressure sores, venous stasis and diabetic ulcers, traumatic wounds, and bums. Many of… of wound healing, with insignificant adverse effects. Phenytoin may promote wound healing …
Topical phenytoin in wound healing
AK PENDSE, A SHARMA, A SODANI… - International journal of …, 1993 - Wiley Online Library
… phenytoin in wounds of varying etiologies is an effective and safe method to promote wound healing… frequently encountered effect of long-term phenytoin therapy,^ was observed in only …
Polyphenol Sulfonic Acid Complex
Research has shown polyphenol compounds may reduce the growth and pain of lesions found in recurrent canker sores by providing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and caustic properties.
Research
Aphthous stomatitis (canker sores): a consequence of high oral submucosal viscosity (the role of extracellular matrix and the possible role of lectins)
OJ Stone - Medical hypotheses, 1991 - Elsevier
… phenolic compounds have been used in RAS for many years. The immediate treatment is painful but the pain stops and the lesions regress and heal. Several studies …
Relieve It With A Herb: Aloe Vera For Canker Sores
J D'Souza - zliving.com
… Polyphenols in aloe vera can inhibit the growth of certain types of bacteria that cause … mouth ulcers, or canker sores, at some point in their lives. Canker sores usually form underneath …
Role of phenolic compounds in peptic ulcer: An overview
S Sumbul, MA Ahmad, A Mohd… - Journal of pharmacy and …, 2011 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
… The antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds have been widely studied, but it has … ,these phenolic compounds can be an alternative for the treatment of gastric ulcers. Therefore, …
S Fields - Pharmacy Times, 2005
... one particularly effective preparation, polyphenol sulfonic acid complex, is applied directly to the site. Although it burns upon application, the sore is essentially cauterized, and inmost cases no further symptoms are reported, although in some situations an additional application is needed...
Progesterone
Progesterone is a female hormone naturally produced by the body and is necessary for the normal sexual development of females. Progesterone is commonly used to help prevent changes in the uterus in women who are taking estrogen replacement therapy after menopause. It is also used to properly regulate the menstrual cycle and treat unusual stopping of menstrual periods in women who are still menstruating.
Research
In defense of progesterone: a review of the literature
A Lieberman, L Curtis - Alternative Therapies in Health & …, 2017 - tahomaclinic.com
Context• The medical literature on use of progesterone in postmenopausal hormone therapy is often confusing and contradictory, with some physicians implicating natural progesterone in an increase in the risk of breast cancer. The chemical structure of natural progesterone (P4) is quite different from chemically altered, synthetic chemicals called progestins, which results in different actions at the cell level. Objective• The research team intended to review the literature to examine the benefits and safety of natural progesterone and determine …
Progestins and progesterone in hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer
C Campagnoli, F Clavel-Chapelon, R Kaaks… - The Journal of steroid …, 2005 - Elsevier
Controlled studies and most observational studies published over the last 5 years suggest that the addition of synthetic progestins to estrogen in hormone replacement therapy (HRT), particularly in continuous-combined regimen, increases the breast cancer (BC) risk compared to estrogen alone. By contrast, a recent study suggests that the addition of natural progesterone in cyclic regimens does not affect BC risk. This finding is consistent with in vivo data suggesting that progesterone does not have a detrimental effect on breast tissue...
Pregnancy, progesterone and progestins in relation to breast cancer risk
C Campagnoli, C Abba, S Ambroggio… - The Journal of steroid …, 2005 - Elsevier
In the last two decades the prevailing opinion, supported by the “estrogen augmented by progesterone” hypothesis, has been that progesterone contributes to the development of breast
cancer (BC). Support for this opinion was provided by the finding that some synthetic progestins, when added to estrogen in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopausal complaints, increase the BC risk more than estrogen alone. However, recent findings suggest that both the production of progesterone during pregnancy and the progesterone …
The bioidentical hormone debate: are bioidentical hormones (estradiol, estriol, and progesterone) safer or more efficacious than commonly used synthetic versions in …
K Holtorf - Postgraduate medicine, 2009 - Taylor & Francis
Background: The use of bioidentical hormones, including progesterone, estradiol, and estriol, in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has sparked intense debate. Of special concern is their relative safety compared with traditional synthetic and animal-derived versions, such as conjugated equine estrogens (CEE), medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), and other synthetic progestins. Proponents for bioidentical hormones claim that they are safer than comparable synthetic and nonhuman versions of HRT. Yet according to the …
Progesterone, progestins and the breast in menopause treatment
A Gompel, G Plu-Bureau - Climacteric, 2018 - Taylor & Francis
Breast cancer is the main risk associated with menopause hormone therapy (MHT). It is a hormone-dependent cancer. In postmenopausal women, about 80% of cases are estradiol receptor-positive. In cohort studies only estradiol receptor-positive breast cancers are promoted by MHT. Different levels of risk with estrogen-only treatment and combined treatment with estrogen+ progestin are shown in randomized trials and observational studies. Several non-randomized studies show a lower risk with progesterone and …
Physiological action of progesterone in target tissues
JD Graham, CL Clarke - Endocrine reviews, 1997 - academia.edu
Physiological Action of Progesterone in Target Tissues Page 1 Physiological Action of Progesterone in Target Tissues* J. DINNY GRAHAM† AND CHRISTINE L. CLARKE Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia I. Introduction II. Synthesis and Secretion of Progesterone III. The Progesterone Receptor A. PR expression and regulation IV. Progesterone Regulation of Gene Expression in the Uterus, Ovary, and Chick Oviduct A. Progesterone effects on …
Progesterone and bone: actions promoting bone health in women
V Seifert-Klauss, JC Prior - Journal of osteoporosis, 2010 - hindawi.com
Estradiol (E 2) and progesterone (P 4) collaborate within bone remodeling on resorption (E 2) and formation (P 4). We integrate evidence that P 4 may prevent and, with antiresorptives, treat women's osteoporosis. P 4 stimulates osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Menarche (E 2) and onset of ovulation (P 4) both contribute to peak BMD. Meta-analysis of 5 studies confirms that regularly cycling premenopausal women lose bone mineral density (BMD) related to subclinical ovulatory disturbances (SODs). Cyclic progestin prevents bone loss in …
Oral micronized progesterone for vasomotor symptoms—a placebo-controlled randomized trial in healthy postmenopausal women
CL Hitchcock, JC Prior - Menopause, 2012 - journals.lww.com
Objective The aim of this study was to compare oral micronized progesterone with placebo as therapy for postmenopausal hot flushes and night sweats (vasomotor symptoms [VMS]). Methods Healthy volunteer community women 1 to 10 years since final menstruation were recruited for a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of progesterone (300 mg daily at bedtime) between 2003 and 2009 and were screened for clinical, physical, or laboratory evidence of cardiovascular risks (nonsmoking, moderate …
Progesterone and promegestone stimulate human bone cell proliferation and insulin-like growth factor-2 production
FA Tremollieres, DD Strong… - European Journal of …, 1992 - eje.bioscientifica.com
Recent clinical studies suggest that progesterone may be involved in the regulation of bone turnover and could promote bone formation. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether progesterone and promegestone (a 19 nor-PG derivative) may have a direct effect on human bone cells and, if so, whether growth factor production could be involved in promoting this effect. The osteosarcoma cell line TE85 and untransformed normal human osteoblastic cells derived from iliac crest were used as in vitro model systems. Progesterone …
Stimulatory effects of estrogen and progesterone on proliferation and differentiation of normal human osteoblast-like cells in vitro
BAA Scheven, CA Damen, NJ Hamilton… - Biochemical and …, 1992 - Elsevier
Here we report that osteoblast-like cells derived from female and male adult human trabecular bone are able to directly respond to 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P). In short-term (1 day) cultures using serum-free and phenol red-free medium, both steroid hormones were found to stimulate DNA synthesis and growth of the human osteoblast-like cells. P was more potent in stimulating osteoblast growth compared to E2. On the other hand, E2 showed a stronger differentiation-inducing effect as determined by analysis of the …
Progesterone as a bone-trophic hormone
JC Prior - Endocrine Reviews, 1990 - academic.oup.com
Introduction F ULLER Albright's observation that women developed osteoporosis after, but rarely before the menopause, led him to assert that osteoporosis was caused by hormonal changes around the time of the climacteric (1). Although his first clinical trial tested progesterone and testosterone, as well as estrogen treatment, Albright believed that it was estrogen deficiency that resulted in decreased bone formation and caused osteoporosis,“ a condition in which the osteoblasts were primarily deficient in laying down osteoid tissue”(2) …
Transdermal progesterone cream for vasomotor symptoms and postmenopausal bone loss
HB Leonetti, S Longo, JN Anasti - Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1999 - Elsevier
Objective: To determine effectiveness of transdermal progesterone cream for controlling vasomotor symptoms and preventing postmenopausal bone loss. Methods: We randomly assigned 102 healthy women within 5 years of menopause to transdermal progesterone cream or placebo. Study subjects and investigators were masked until data analysis was completed. An initial evaluation included complete history, physical examination, bone mineral density determination, and serum studies (TSH, FSH, lipid profile, and chemistry …
Sedative and hypnotic effects of oral administration of micronized progesterone may be mediated through its metabolites
ESS Arafat, JT Hargrove, WS Maxson… - American journal of …, 1988 - Elsevier
Progesterone and its metabolites were measured in serum extracts by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively, after ingestion of micronized progesterone by eight postmenopausal women. One subject received 400 mg of micronized progesterone orally that induced a hypnotic state that lasted for approximately 2 hours. Blood samples were drawn periodically from all subjects for measurement of progesterone and its metabolites in serum. Levels of serum progesterone and its metabolites increased …
Salicylic Acid
Salicylic acid is a beta-hydroxy acid that helps promote the skin’s natural exfoliation process. Salicylic acid has long been used to target various concerns, including rough and bumpy skin, clogged pores, and skin conditions like psoriasis. Salicylic acid supports the natural shedding of dead cells, which may help slough away dull or rough skin. It is important to apply daily sun protection, especially when including salicylic acid is added to your routine due to its exfoliating effects.
Research
Case studies: use of salicylic acid (Avosil) and hydrogel (Avogel) in limiting scar formation
JR Danielson, RJ Walter - Journal of Burns and Wounds, 2005 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
… treatment regimen for hypertrophic scars combining topical 2% salicylic acid cream (Avosil) … symptomatic hypertrophic scars: 2 presternal and 1 on the inner thigh. Scars were divided …
Effective treatments of atrophic acne scars
MV Gozali, B Zhou - The Journal of clinical and aesthetic …, 2015 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
… Salicylic acid is one of the best peeling agents for the treatment of acne scars.9 It is a beta … The side effects of salicylic acid peeling are mild and transient. These include erythema and …
Salicylic acid may be useful in limiting scar formation
JR Danielson, RJ Walter - Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 2004 - journals.lww.com
… scar hypertrophy in healing burn scars. Since that report, 20- … for the treatment of hypertrophic scars. Hydrogels are also … Inflammation is critically important for healing and scarring. …
Sildenafil
Sildenafil improves the flow of blood through blood vessels, which may lead to improved sexual arousal. Sildenafil was found to be effective in enhancing vaginal engorgement during erotic stimulus conditions in healthy women.
Research
Effect of sildenafil on subjective and physiologic parameters of the female sexual response in women with sexual arousal disorder
JR Berman, LA Berman, H Lin, E Flaherty… - Journal of Sex & …, 2001 - Taylor & Francis
… complaints, including low arousal, low desire, low sexual satisfaction, difficulty achieving orgasm, decreased vaginal lubrication, and … the efficacy of 100 mg sildenafil on both physiologic and subjective measures of sexual arousal in women with SAD. Sildenafil is a specific Type …
Sexual psychophysiology and effects of sildenafil citrate in oestrogenised women with acquired genital arousal disorder and impaired orgasm: a randomised …
R Basson, LA Brotto - BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and …, 2003 - Elsevier
… Whereas others have investigated the effects of sildenafil on vaginal responding6, 21, clitoral stimulation and arousal were assessed in the current study given that phosphodiesterase type 5 has been identified in human clitoral tissue 22 , and to date, despite the presence of …
Safety and efficacy of sildenafil citrate for the treatment of female sexual arousal disorder: a double-blind, placebo controlled study
…, J Gill, S Haughie, Sildenafil Study Group - The Journal of …, 2003 - auajournals.org
… Increased clitoral and vaginal vasocongestion during sexual arousal is believed to be mediated by the nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway. Findings of nitric oxide synthase in human clitoral tissue 3 and phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), the enzyme responsible …
Sildenafil citrate for female sexual arousal disorder: a future possibility?
C Schoen, G Bachmann - Nature Reviews Urology, 2009 - nature.com
… so on), and revealed that both doses of sildenafil citrate significantly increased the frequency of arousal compared with placebo (P <0.001). … found no subjective difference between sildenafil citrate and placebo in arousal or vaginal wetness, even though an increase in VPA was …
Sildenafil improves sexual functioning in premenopausal women with type 1 diabetes who are affected by sexual arousal disorder: a double-blind, crossover, placebo …
S Caruso, S Rugolo, C Agnello, G Intelisano, L Di Mari… - Fertility and sterility, 2006 - Elsevier
… the physiology of vaginal tissue and contribute to female genital sexual arousal by enhancing NO synthase activity (41). Moreover, there are several studies that showed the efficacy of androgen treatment of women affected by sexual dysfunction such as HSDD (9, 10, 40, 42). …
Premenopausal women affected by sexual arousal disorder treated with sildenafil: a double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled study
S Caruso, G Intelisano, L Lupo, C Agnello - British Journal of Obstetrics and …, 2001 - Elsevier
… Magnetic resonance imaging has shown that during female sexual arousal changes occur in the anterior vaginal wall, through gradual filling of the bladder, and involving the clitoris 9. Systems designed to model pathophysiologies in clitoral function have been limited 10 . It is …
Silicone
Silicone gel heals scars by increasing hydration of the stratum corneum (the uppermost layer of the skin). This facilitates the regulation of fibroblast production and also reduces collagen production.
Research
Topical silicone gel: a new treatment for hypertrophic scars
ST Ahn, WW Monafo, TA Mustoe - Surgery, 1989 - surgjournal.com
… , 14 hypertrophic scars were treated with topically applied silicone gel. The scars that were … We found no histologic evidence of silicone leakage into the scars. Side effects were minor …
Silicone gel sheeting for preventing and treating hypertrophic and keloid scars
L O'Brien, DJ Jones - Cochrane database of systematic …, 2013 - cochranelibrary.com
… new abnormal scars and also to treat existing scars. This review aimed to assess the evidence on whether silicone gel sheeting prevents the development of abnormal scars in people …
Silicone gel: a new treatment for burn scars and contractures
K Perkins, RB Davey, KA Wallis - Burns, 1983 - Elsevier
… matured scars thought to require surgical release. Following the application of silicone sheets for … Areas healed by grafting and mature scars will tolerate silicone gel sheets continuously …
Review of silicone gel sheeting and silicone gel for the prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids
KC Hsu, CW Luan, YW Tsai - Wounds: a compendium of …, 2017 - pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
… silicone gel is effective in preventing and alleviating hypertrophic scarring. Whether silicone gel sheeting prevents hypertrophic scars or … the effectiveness of silicone gel and silicone gel …
The efficacy of silicone gel for the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids
N Puri, A Talwar - Journal of cutaneous and aesthetic surgery, 2009 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
… promoted as an alternative to topical silicone gel sheeting. Thirty patients with scars of different types including superficial scars, hypertrophic scars, and keloids were treated with silicon …
Effectiveness of silicone sheets in the prevention of hypertrophic breast scars.
NI Cruz-Korchin - Annals of plastic surgery, 1996 - europepmc.org
… a precut silicone elastomer sheet over the scars of one … silicone sheet for 12 hours each day for 2 months. Evaluation of the scars at 2 months revealed that 60% of the nontreated scars …
Silicone gel in the treatment of keloid scars
NSG Mercer - British journal of plastic surgery, 1989 - Elsevier
… Eighteen patients with 22 scars were treated for a 6 months period with silicone gel. The average age was 19 years (span 3-64) and only two patients were over 30. Seven were …
Spironolactone
Spironolactone slows down the production of androgens. These are male sex hormones, including testosterone. Reduced production of androgens can slow down the progression of hair loss caused by androgenic alopecia.
Research
Innovative use of spironolactone as an antiandrogen in the treatment of female pattern hair loss
D Rathnayake, R Sinclair - Dermatologic clinics, 2010 - derm.theclinics.com
… Conflicting results were recorded after using topical spironolactone for seborrhea. Topical 5% spironolactone solution is reported to inhibit dihydrotestosterone receptors in human sebaceous glands. On the other hand, small case studies have failed to demonstrate the effect of …
Topical treatment of androgenetic alopecia with spironolactone
D Dill-Müller, H Zaun - Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology …, 1997 - infona.pl
… we evaluated the effect of topical treatment with spironolactone (1% in Solutio Cordes ) on androgenic hair loss in women. The diagnosis has been based on clinical criteria (biparietal and/or central thinning of the scalp hair), more than 25% telogen hair in the frontal trichogram, …
Topical Finasteride versus Topical Spironolactone in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia
SA AHMED, EY AYMAN, AS Mousa - The Medical Journal of Cairo …, 2020 - journals.ekb.eg
… Patients and Methods: After meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria and diagnosis of AGA was clinically established by the characteristic distribution of frontal and vertex hair in males and the Christmas tree pattern of diffuse hair loss at middle hairline in females. It was …
A novel topical combination of minoxidil and spironolactone for androgenetic alopecia: Clinical, histopathological, and physicochemical study
H Abdel‐Raouf, UF Aly, W Medhat… - Dermatologic …, 2021 - Wiley Online Library
… Conclusions: The results of this work revealed that topical minoxidil gel 5% and topical spironolactone gel 1% were effective in treatment … All patients were diagnosed as AGA according to their history and clinical examination with different degrees of hair loss (Grades I to V on …
Treatment of female pattern hair loss with a combination of spironolactone and minoxidil
C Hoedemaker, S Van Egmond… - Australasian journal of …, 2007 - Wiley Online Library
… A 53‐year‐old woman with clinical evidence of female pattern hair loss and histological evidence of androgenetic alopecia was initially … Antiandrogen therapy with either spironolactone or cyproterone acetate is commonly used to treat FPHL, as is topical minoxidil. The …
Tacrolimus
Tacrolimus is an immunomodulator used on the skin to treat moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in patients who have received other medicines that have not worked well. Atopic dermatitis is a skin condition where there is itching, redness, and inflammation, much like an allergic reaction. Tacrolimus helps to suppress these symptoms which are reactions caused by the body's immune system.
Research
Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis
JC Martins, C Martins, V Aoki, AFT Gois… - Cochrane Database …, 2015 - cochranelibrary.com
… topical tacrolimus ointment use ('A Prospective Pediatric Longitudinal Evaluation to Assess the Long‐Term Safety (APPLES) of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis'...
Topical tacrolimus for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases
T Assmann, B Homey, T Ruzicka - Expert Opinion on …, 2001 - Taylor & Francis
… Initial clinical investigations have shown efficacy of topical tacrolimus in patients with atopic eczema. Large multi-centre studies have proven that long-term therapy with 0.03% and 0.1% …
Topical treatment of perianal eczema with tacrolimus 0.1%
J Schauber, P Weisenseel… - British Journal of …, 2009 - Wiley Online Library
… this short-term trial we demonstrate that topical tacrolimus 0·1% is safe, … eczema irrespective of the underlying cause. The aim of this report is to provide novel data on topical tacrolimus …
Terbinafine
Terbinafine is in a class of medications called Allylamine antifungals. It kills fungus by causing holes to appear in its cell membrane and the contents leak out. This kills the fungus and treats the infection.
Testosterone
Testosterone is naturally produced in the female body and declines with age. Research has shown topical testosterone replacement has significantly improved sexual desire, frequency of sex, receptivity, and initiation of sexual desire in menopausal women.
Research
Transdermal Testosterone for Women:: A New Physiological Approach for Androgen Therapy
NA Mazer, JL Shifren - Obstetrical & gynecological survey, 2003 - journals.lww.com
… after 14 consecutive morning applications of a topical gel containing 1 mg of micronized testosterone. White circles denote baseline (BL) values. All subjects were using some form of …
Testosterone for midlife women: the hormone of desire?
JL Shifren - Menopause, 2015 - journals.lww.com
… topical cream or as a reduced dose of a testosterone gel (1%) … As serum testosterone levels in women are approximately … raises blood testosterone levels in postmenopausal women to …
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of testosterone cream on the sexual motivation of menopausal hysterectomized women with hypoactive sexual …
G El-Hage, JA Eden, R Zoa Manga - Climacteric, 2007 - Taylor & Francis
… topical testosterone therapy daily (2 cm Andro-Feme® cream) as a treatment for low sexual desire in postmenopausal hysterectomized women … a tertiary referral women's hospital. Thirty-…
Testosterone deficiency and supplementation for women: matters of sexuality and health
S Rako - Psychiatric Annals, 1999 - journals.healio.com
… I have discovered that testosterone-defcient women sometimes require a once-daily application to the genital mucosa of a small amount of topical testosterone–preparations …
A multi-center trial of exercise and testosterone therapy in women after hip fracture: Design, methods and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
EF Binder, JC Christensen, J Stevens-Lapsley… - Contemporary Clinical …, 2021 - Elsevier
… in women from which to directly estimate the magnitude of the projected differences in SMWD from combining topical testosterone … of adding testosterone to exercise in women after hip …
Testosterone therapy for female sexual dysfunction
M Khera - Sexual medicine reviews, 2015 - Elsevier
… Testosterone has been used for decades in women to treat female sexual dysfunction. Testosterone therapy (TTh) has been shown to improve …
Endocrine aspects of female sexual dysfunction
SR Davis, AT Guay, JL Shifren… - The journal of sexual …, 2004 - Wiley Online Library
… testosterone has been shown in small randomized controlled trials (RCT) to improve sexual desire, arousal and sexual … In summary, the hormonal influences on female sexual function …
The influence of testosterone combined with a PDE5-inhibitor on cognitive, affective, and physiological sexual functioning in women suffering from sexual dysfunction
F Van Der Made, J Bloemers, WE Yassem… - The journal of sexual …, 2009 - Elsevier
… Women with female sexual dysfunction have a reduced sensitivity to sexual stimuli. Activation of … , the combination of testosterone and a PDE5 inhibitor will restore sexual function. …
Transdermal testosterone gel improves sexual function, mood, muscle strength, and body composition parameters in hypogonadal men
…, N Berman the Testosterone Gel Study … - The Journal of …, 2000 - academic.oup.com
… gel replacement improved sexual function and mood, increased lean mass and muscle strength (principally in the legs), and decreased fat mass in hypogonadal men … hypogonadal men …
Long-term pharmacokinetics of transdermal testosterone gel in hypogonadal men
…, Testosterone Gel Study Group - The Journal of …, 2000 - academic.oup.com
… We conclude that transdermal T gel application can efficiently and rapidly increase serum T and free T levels in hypogonadal men to within the normal range. Transdermal T gel …
Testosterone gel monotherapy improves sexual function of hypogonadal men mainly through restoring erection: evaluation by IIEF score
HS Chiang, SL Cho, YC Lin, TIS Hwang - Urology, 2009 - Elsevier
… In the present study, we specifically evaluated the effects of a transdermal testosterone gel (TTG) on the extent of improvement for different kinds of sexual function in hypogonadal male …
Tranexamic Acid
Tranexamic acid, a synthetic analog of the amino acid lysine, has been shown to interfere with the chemical pathway that produces melanin, which makes it useful as a depigmentation agent.
Research
Topical tranexamic acid as a promising treatment for melasma
B Ebrahimi, FF Naeini - Journal of research in medical sciences …, 2014 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Background: In recent times, tranexamic acid (TA) is claimed to have whitening effects especially for ultraviolet-induced hyperpigmentation including melasma. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical solution of TA and compare it with …
Efficacy and possible mechanisms of topical tranexamic acid in melasma
SJ Kim, JY Park, T Shibata, R Fujiwara… - Clinical and …, 2016 - Wiley Online Library
Background Tranexamic acid (TA) has been suggested as an effective treatment for melasma. Aim To investigate the effects and mechanism of action of topical TA in the treatment of melasma. Methods In this study, 23 participants with melasma applied a 2% TA …
Therapeutic effects of topical tranexamic acid in comparison with hydroquinone in treatment of women with melasma
N Atefi, B Dalvand, M Ghassemi, G Mehran… - Dermatology and …, 2017 - Springer
Introduction Few studies have focused on therapeutic as well as side effects of tranexamic acid (TXA) as a topical drug compared to other topical drugs in treating melasma. The present study aimed to assess and compare the beneficial therapeutic effects and also side …
Topical tranexamic acid as an adjuvant treatment in melasma: Side-by-side comparison clinical study
JY Chung, JH Lee, JH Lee - Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2016 - Taylor & Francis
Background: Tranexamic acid (TNA) is a novel therapeutic agent for hyperpigmented skin disorders. The efficacy and safety of topical TNA in patients with melasma has not been heretofore studied. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of …
Comparison of the Effectiveness 3% Tranexamic Acid Cream Versus 4% Hydroquinone Cream for Treatment of Epidermal Type Melasma
HK Marpaung, TL Toruan, Y Kurniawati - … Medicina: Journal of …, 2021 - bioscmed.com
… Conclusion: Three-percent TA cream and 4% HQ cream is effective in decreasing mMASI score and MI in epidermal type melasma. There were differences in terms of the mMASI score during the 8th week after treatment between 3% TA and 4% HQ group. … This study will determine the comparison between the effectiveness of TA 3% with HQ 4% with a randomized double blind clinical trial design in patients with epidermal type melasma. This study was conducted from July to September 2019 in the DV polyclinic of Cosmetic …
A randomized controlled study comparing the efficacy of topical 5% tranexamic acid solution versus 3% hydroquinone cream in melasma
MS Janney, R Subramaniyan, R Dabas… - Journal of cutaneous …, 2019 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Results: Our study population consisted of 84 females and 16 males. Mixed melasma had the highest prevalence (63%) followed by epidermal (22%) and dermal types (15%). Percentage reduction of MASI was 27% and 26.7% in the TA and HQ group, respectively, at the end of 12 weeks, and the difference between the two groups was not significant (P>0.05). However, patient satisfaction score was significantly higher in TA group (P value= 0.03) in view of lesser adverse effects. Conclusions: Topical 5% TA solution is as effective as …
The new therapeutic choice of tranexamic acid solution in treatment of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea
F Bageorgou, V Vasalou, V Tzanetakou… - Journal of Cosmetic …, 2019 - Wiley Online Library
… to test the efficacy of tranexamic acid when applied topically on the affected areas.,Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic,thus we considered it could be effective at this type of rosacea. …
Tranexamic acid ameliorates rosacea symptoms through regulating immune response and angiogenesis
Y Li, H Xie, Z Deng, B Wang, Y Tang, Z Zhao… - International …, 2019 - Elsevier
… has improved substantially with the approval of Tranexamic acid (TXA), an antifibrinolytic … mechanism on rosacea by using LL37-induced mouse model and HaCaT cell model. Rosacea-…
Topical tranexamic acid improves the permeability barrier in rosacea
S Zhong, N Sun, H Liu, Y Niu, C Chen, Y Wu - Dermatologica Sinica, 2015 - Elsevier
… of rosacea is not … tranexamic acid has been proved to accelerate the restoration of the damaged skin barrier. In this study, we chose tranexamic acid as a candidate treatment for rosacea…
Topical 5% tranexamic acid for acne-related postinflammatory erythema
D Jakhar, I Kaur - Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2020 - jaad.org
… 1 Tranexamic acid (TXA) is known to decrease erythema by repressing proinflammatory … 2 TXA has been known to ameliorate the symptoms in erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. 2 …
Tretinoin
Tretinoin, a derivative of vitamin A, has been shown to help promote your skin’s natural exfoliation process. This exfoliation process encourages the shedding of dead skin cells, which may lead to improvement in the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, texture, and uneven tone. retinoin has been shown to promote and regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in the epithelium and may promote vascular proliferation. These factors are important for hair growth promotion.
Research
Wrinkles
JJ Manríquez, DM Gringberg, CN Diaz - BMJ clinical evidence, 2008 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
… We don't know whether tazarotene is more effective than tretinoin at improving fine and coarse wrinkles in people with moderate photodamage, … Topical tretinoin improves fine wrinkles compared with placebo cream in people with mild to moderate photodamage, but its effect on …
Treatment of photodamaged facial skin with topical tretinoin
JJ Leyden, GL Grove, MJ Grove, EG Thorne… - Journal of the American …, 1989 - Elsevier
… An objective method based on digital image processing of silicone rubber casts obtained from the crow's-feet area also indicated that the skin surface topography was smoother and less wrinkled in the tretinoin-treated group compared with the vehicle-control group. (J AM …
Topical tretinoin improves photoaged skin: a double-blind vehicle-controlled study
JS Weiss, CN Ellis, JT Headington, T Tincoff… - Jama, 1988 - jamanetwork.com
… tretinoin in the treatment of photoaging, all patients applied topical tretinoin to one forearm and vehicle cream to the other. Half of the patients received tretinoin to … Note Increased pinkness and reduced fine wrinkling following treat¬ ment with topical tretinoin, as well as fading of …
Treatment of photoaged skin with topical tretinoin
AM Kligman, JJ Leyden - Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 1993 - karger.com
… The data which have been generated indicate that topical tretinoin has profound effects on the structure and function of skin which are useful in a diverse array of skin disorders. The ‘anti-wrinkle’ effects of topical tretinoin are only one aspect of the overall effects of this molecule …
Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma. A vehicle‐controlled, clinical trial
CEM Griffiths, LJ Finkel, CM Ditre… - British Journal of …, 1993 - Wiley Online Library
Melasma is a common disorder of cutaneous hyperpigmentation predominantly affecting the faces of women. Little is known about the aetiology of melasma, and treatment is frequently disappointing. Topical tretinoin is of benefit in treating other forms of hyperpigmentation, for …
New treatment of atrophic acne scars by iontophoresis with estriol and tretinoin
JB Schmidt, M Binder, W Macheiner… - International journal …, 1995 - Wiley Online Library
… schedule in 28 patients (19 women and 9 men) with atrophic acne scars. … scars was observed in 93% of patients treated with tretinoin iontophoresis and in 100% of the group treated …
Comparative effect of topical silicone gel and topical tretinoin cream for the prevention of hypertrophic scar and keloid formation and the improvement of scars
SY Kwon, SD Park, K Park - Journal of the European Academy …, 2014 - Wiley Online Library
… The silicone gel and tretinoin cream effectively prevented hypertrophic scars and keloids and improved scar effects in the two treatment groups compared with those in the control group. …
Topical tretinoin in the treatment of striae distensae and in the promotion of wound healing: a review
ML Elson - Journal of dermatological treatment, 1994 - Taylor & Francis
… The use of topical tretinoin in the treatment and prevention of scarring and its use in wound healing is again a direct extension of its affinity for the fibroblast, as well as other effects that …
Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves early stretch marks
S Kang, KJ Kim, CEM Griffiths, TY Wong… - Archives of …, 1996 - jamanetwork.com
… vehicle-treated patients (P=.002). Targeted stretch marks in patients treated with tretinoin had a … and elastic fibers in stretch marks when tretinoin and vehicle treatments were compared. …
Interventions for the treatment of stretch marks: a systematic review
L Liu, H Ma, Y Li - Cutis, 2014 - researchgate.net
… Three studies reported the effects of topical tretinoin on stretch marks.A small parallel study … with erythematous stretch marks seemed to have a better response to treatment with tretinoin …
Medical treatments for male and female pattern hair loss
NE Rogers, MR Avram - Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2008 - Elsevier
… use as a topical formulation for hair loss. Two controlled trials using 1% topical minoxidil for … Again, it is difficult to know exactly how tretinoin exerts its effect in hair growth. Retinoic acid …
Topical tretinoin for hair growth promotion
GS Bazzano, N Terezakis, W Galen - Journal of the American Academy of …, 1986 - Elsevier
… Another advantage of the use of tretinoin may also be its ability to limit the rate of hair loss … This effect has been observed in our younger subjects without advanced hair loss.* Although …
Efficacy of 5% minoxidil versus combined 5% minoxidil and 0.01% tretinoin for male pattern hair loss
HS Shin, CH Won, SH Lee, OS Kwon, KH Kim… - American journal of …, 2007 - Springer
… : 5% topical minoxidil solution has been widely used to stimulate new hair growth and help stop hair loss in … Topical tretinoin has been shown to increase the percutaneous absorption of …
WF Bergfeld - Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1998 - jaad.org
… Recent investigations into the mechanisms that control hair loss and hair growth have … with AGA, topical tretinoin 0.025% was shown to induce visible cosmetic hair growth in 58% …
Urea
Urea is a humectant, which means it is able to absorb moisture from the environment and draw it to the skin and nails. In addition, urea is also an exfoliant that softens and smooths the skin by reducing the buildup of dead skin cells.
Research
Urea creams in the treatment of dry skin and hand dermatitis.
T Fredriksson, L Gip - International Journal of Dermatology, 1975 - europepmc.org
… skin creams containing urea in the management of dry skin in atopic patients. Cream with 10% urea was shown to be effective in the management of dry skin and hand dermatitis. The …
Urea: a comprehensive review of the clinical literature
M Pan, G Heinecke, S Bernardo, C Tsui… - Dermatology online …, 2013 - escholarship.org
… Results: Effective treatment with urea has been reported for the following conditions: … dermatitis/eczema, contact dermatitis, radiation induced dermatitis, psoriasis/seborrheic dermatitis, …
The use of urea for the treatment of onychomycosis: a systematic review
S Dars, HA Banwell… - Journal of foot …, 2019 - jfootankleres.biomedcentral.com
… fungal cultures. The mycological cure achieved varied from 8.3 to 82.8% when using either urea on its own, urea nail … could be a useful adjunct service in the management of fungal nail …
Combination of fluconazole and urea in a nail lacquer for treating onychomycosis
R Baran, F Coquard - Journal of dermatological treatment, 2005 - Taylor & Francis
… There is general agreement on treating nail fungal infection solely with lacquers when the infection is restricted to the distal two-thirds of the nail. For this investigation we deliberately …
Co-delivery of terbinafine hydrochloride and urea with an in situ film-forming system for nail targeting treatment
F Yang, X Yu, W Shao, P Guo, S Cao, M Wang… - International Journal of …, 2020 - Elsevier
… Taken together the film-forming, transungual, and anti-fungal studies show that urea in our IFFS serves as a plasticizer, penetration enhancer, and antifungal synergist. …
A novel technique to evaluate nail softening effects of different urea formulations
HX Nguyen, Y Kim, TD Kekatpure… - Pharmaceutical …, 2021 - Taylor & Francis
Urea has been incorporated into several topical ungual formulations to hydrate and soften the nail plate. In this study, we employed various characterization techniques (visual observation, scanning electron microscopy, measurement of thickness, transonychial water loss, nail electrical resistance, and mechanical study) to investigate the effect of urea concentration on the hydration...
Vancomycin
Vancomycin is used to treat or prevent infections on the skin due to certain strains of resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This medicine works by killing bacteria or preventing their growth.
Vitamin C
Vitamin C is not produced naturally by the body; however, research has shown it offers multiple benefits for the skin. Vitamin C has been shown to be a potent antioxidant that helps against free radicals, which can lead to dryness, rough surface texture, and signs of premature aging. Research has also shown that Vitamin C may help brighten the appearance of uneven skin tone.
Research
Topical vitamin C in aging
RM Colven, SR Pinnell - Clinics in dermatology, 1996 - beauty-review.nl
ROY M. COLVEN, MD SHELDON R. PINNELL, MD Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is essential for life in '2 humans. Its deficiency causes scurvy. Indeed, the name" ascorbic” is derived from ascorbutic {scorbutus= scurvy). Scurvy was described in writings by the ancient Egyptians …
Topical vitamin C and the skin: mechanisms of action and clinical applications
F Al-Niaimi, NYZ Chiang - The Journal of clinical and aesthetic …, 2017 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
OBJECTIVE: This review article details the main mechanisms of action and clinical applications of topical vitamin C on the skin, including its antioxidative, photoprotective, antiaging, and antipigmentary effects. DESIGN: A PubMed search for the relevant articles on …
Topical vitamin C: a useful agent for treating photoaging and other dermatologic conditions
PK Farris - Dermatologic surgery, 2005 - Wiley Online Library
Background. Cosmeceuticals containing antioxidants are among the most popular antiaging remedies. Topically applied antioxidants exert their benefits by offering protection from damaging free radicals produced when skin is exposed to ultraviolet light or allowed to age …
Striae distensae (stretch marks) and different modalities of therapy: an update
ML Elsaie, LS Baumann, LT Elsaaiee - Dermatologic Surgery, 2009 - Wiley Online Library
… and 10%l-ascorbic acid found that both regimens improved the appearance of striae alba and showed no difference in effect from combining 10% ascorbic acid or 0.05% tretinoin with
Vitamin E
Vitamin E research has shown it offers multiple benefits for your skin. Vitamin E has been shown to be a potent antioxidant that helps against free radicals, which can lead to dryness, rough surface texture, and signs of premature aging.
Research
The role of vitamin E in normal and damaged skin
F Nachbar, HC Korting - Journal of Molecular Medicine, 1995 - Springer
… Many studies document that vitamin E occupies a central … skin. For this purpose increased efforts in developing appropriate systemic and local pharmacological preparations of vitamin E …
Antioxidants and the response of skin to oxidative stress: vitamin E as a key indicator
L Packer, G Valacchi - Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 2002 - karger.com
… Moreover, vitamin E supplementation and/or its topical administration will substantially enhance skin vitamin E concentrations [56, 36]. Since oxidant skin alteration occurs mainly in the …
MA Keen, I Hassan - Indian dermatology online journal, 2016 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
… Vitamin E, occurring naturally in food in … vitamin E may be increased by the use of vitamin E conjugates, which are esters of tocopherol, resistant to oxidation but can still penetrate skin …
The cosmetic treatment of wrinkles
C Rona, F Vailati, E Berardesca - Journal of cosmetic …, 2004 - Wiley Online Library
… Vitamin E possesses moreover a strong anti-collagenic activity. In effect, the cosmetological … and frequency of fine lines and wrinkles. Actually, the term ‘vitamin E’ is a generic word …
Interaction of vitamins C and E as better cosmeceuticals
KE Burke - Dermatologic therapy, 2007 - Wiley Online Library
… Clinically, topical vitamin E does decrease wrinkles and solar lentigoes of photoaging. Reversal of photoaging was confirmed histologically in mice: Microscopic examination showed …
Polyphenols: A remedy for skin wrinkles
BP Pimple, SL Badole - Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease, 2014 - Elsevier
… of the skin and eventually formation of wrinkles. There are numerous synthetic skincare … One study reported that it can reduce the amount of vitamin E in the skin. This vitamin is an …
The role of topical vitamin E in scar management: a systematic review
V Tanaydin, J Conings, M Malyar… - Aesthetic Surgery …, 2016 - academic.oup.com
… vitamin E on scar treatment. Therefore this literature review on the effects of vitamin E on scar treatment … date that concentrates solely on the topical administration of Vitamin E on scars. …
Vitamin E added silicone gel sheets for treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids
B Palmieri, G Gozzi, G Palmieri - International journal of …, 1995 - Wiley Online Library
… Vitamin E added to the silicon plate scored better than the simple silicon … vitamin E and silicone gel sheets in scar treatment, especially in the short-term prophylaxis of hypertrophic scars …
How to Get Rid of Stretch Marks: Home Treatment and Prevention
M Robinson - emedihealth.com
… Stretch marks generally result from the healing of damaged connective tissues. Vitamin E … Argan oil, on the other hand, may help prevent and treat stretch marks when used as an …
Zinc Pyrithione
Zinc Pyrithione has antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties that can help treat certain types of dermatitis, scalp psoriasis, and acne.
Research
Treatment of localized psoriasis with a topical formulation of zinc pyrithione
G Sadeghian, H Ziaei, MA Nilforoushzadeh - Acta Dermatoven APA, 2011 - kegel8.co.uk
Background Psoriasis is a common chronic condition of the skin that is resistant to many therapies. Aim To test the efficacy of a topical formulation of zinc pyrithione in an emollient base compared with an emollient alone in the treatment of psoriasis. Methods This was a …
The highly effective use of topical zinc pyrithione in the treatment of psoriasis: a case report
CE Crutchfield III, EJ Lewis… - Dermatology online …, 1997 - escholarship.org
Psoriasis is a common condition which, at times, can be difficult to treat. Patients with psoriasis face many social challenges and can suffer a great deal with their disease. As a result, any new topical agent is a welcomed addition to our therapeutic armamentarium. We …
Histopathology of psoriasis treated with zinc pyrithione
CG Rowlands, FW Danby - The American Journal of …, 2000 - journals.lww.com
… This study documents the rapid normalization of psoriatic skin by topical application of zinc pyrithione compound, with a rapid decrease in inflammatory cells and a dramatic transient increase in epidermal apoptotic bodies. These findings are consistent with activated …